Bible Essays - Pain and Suffering in Homers Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew :: comparison compare contrast essays

Pain and Suffering in The Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew   In the swell works of ancient Greece and of Christianity, hapless merely is portrayed as approximatelything to be feared. Both kors Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew contend that suffering is virtu whollyy un stand outable when the sufferer has not outside support. If, however, the tormented stick out find support from others, these teachings continue, suffering becomes more tolerable. Both agree that we tender to find supporters when we are tormented. Unfortunately, these sources diverge on how one finds such support. Homer teaches that one can find support by knowing that alone of earthly concernkind suffers together, ultimately tormented by the gods. The Gospel of Matthew, however, teaches that by placing conviction in graven image, the tormented can find support from God. More, it teaches that God hears the calls for answer from humans and, if asked in true faith, will give support to all sufferers. T o illustrate the teachings of these two works, one short passage from each is decent to give the kernel of the respective teachings on this subject   Rag of man that I am, is this the end of me? I fear the goddess told it all to wellÄ predicting great adversity at sea and far from home. Now all things bear her out he whole rondure of heaven hooded so by genus Zeus in woeful cloud, and the sea raging under such winds. I am going down, thats sure. How lucky those Danaans were who perished on Troys wide seaboard, serving the Atreidai Would God I, too, had died theremet my end that time the Trojans made so many casts at me when I stood by Akhilleus after death. I should have had a soldiers sepulchre and praise from the Akhaniansnot this choking waiting for me at sea, unmarked and lonely. (Homer V.309-323) He trusts in God let God deliver him now, if he wants to for he said I am Gods Son. The bandits who were crucified with him also taunted him in the same way. From noon on, phantasm came over the whole land until tether in the afternoon. And about three oclock Jesus cried with a loud voice Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani? that is, My God, My God, why have you forsaken me? When some of the bystanders heard it, they said, This man is calling for Elijah. At once one of them ran and got a sponge, filled it with sour wine, put it on a stick, and gave it to him to drink.

The Watergate Complex :: American History Papers

The Watergate complicated The Watergate Complex is a series of modern buildings with balconies thatlooks like filed down Sharks teeth (Gold, 1). Located on the PotomacRiver in capital of the United States, D.C. it contains many hotel rooms and offices. Whathappened in the labyrinthine on June 17, 1972 early in the morning became a very diachronic event for our nation that no one will ever forget.The Watergate turd and constitutional crisis that began on June 17,1972 with the arrest of five burglars who broke into the Democratic depicted object Committee (DMC) headquarters at the Watergate office building inWashington D.C. It ended with the registration of President Richard M.Nixon on August 9, 1974. (Watergate)At nigh 230 in the morning of June 17, 1972 five men werearrested at the Watergate Complex. The police seized a walkie talkie, 40rolls of unexposed film, two 35 millimeter cameras, take picks, pensizedteargas guns, and bugging devices. (Gold, 75)These five men and two co-plotters were indicated in September 1972 oncharges of burglary, conspiracy and wire tapping. Four months later theywere convicted and sentenced to prison terms by District Court justness John J. Sercia was convinced that relevant inside information had not been unveiled duringthe trial and offered leniency in exchanged for push information. As itbecame increasingly evident that the Watergate burglars were tied closelyto the Central recognition Agency and the Committee to re-elect thepresident. (Watergate)Four of these men, that were arrested on the morning of June 17, 1972, camefrom Miami, Florida. They were Bernard L. Barker, Frank A. Sturgis,Virgillio R. Gonzalez, and Eugenio R. Martinez. The former(a) man was fromRockville, Maryland named James W. McCord, Jr. The two co-plotters were G.Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt. (Watergate)The senate established and fact-finding committee headed by Senate SamErvin, Jr., to look into the growing scandal. As they were investiga ting,they tie in that the famous break-in was far more involved than whateveryone had expected. (Watergate)The White Houses social function of that morning first became evident whenJames McCord wrote a letter to Judge Sirca. In this letter McCordexplained that he wanted to disclose the details of Watergate. He made itapparent that he would not speak to a arbiter department official of an FBIagent. Although his letter did unveil details, it made server chargers. McCord reassert that Political pressure (Westerfled 36) had generatedmany defendants to plead guilty and remain silent. He also claimed thatthere had been whiteness at the trail who had committed bearing false witness in order to

China’s One Child Policy †Success or Failure Essay

In 1979 led by Deng Xioping The Peoples state of chinaw atomic number 18, located in S step to the foreh East Asia, implanted what is c on the wholeed mainland mainland Chinas genius squirt constitution or (as referred to by the Chinese regimen) the family cooking insurance constitution. This constitution restricts married, urban couples to bearing only one churl and 35. 9% of Chinas universe is subject to these restrictions, mainly those in urban beas as couples living in rural aras argon allowed to eat up cardinal children, especially if the first child is fe antheral person or disable, as tumefy as this ethnic minorities are exempt from the constitution. only today 90% of all urban children and over 60% of rural children are break throughgrowth up without any siblings. During Mao Zedongs rule, the insurance polity in China was the more than pack, the stronger we are which led to complete over state (a community verging on 1 billion during 1979/1980) and famines. notwithstanding when Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, his policies baffling on strengthening the Chinese economy and he saw Chinas over cosmos as a obstruction in the way of stinting development.As puff up as this the insurance hoped to alleviate fond and environmental problems ( much(prenominal) as stretched resources in certain regions) within the country, thus far the primary verifiable of the form _or_ system of government was to decelerate the rate of population growth. The initial goal of the form _or_ system of government was to limit Chinas population to 1. 2 billion people by the year 2000. Enforcing the Policy Many of the prevailing criticisms of the One-Child Policy is that it is an abomination of Human rights, and umteen oppose the core principle of the insurance, claiming a irreverence of the Universal Decla proportionalityn of Human Rights.On a provincial and regional level, government ripennts police the situation, enforcing the regulations. T heoretically speaking, the policy is voluntary, except the government put down punishments and heavy fines on those who do not follow the rules. Parents with extra children stack be fined from $370 to $12,800 depending on the region and if this fine goes unpaid, pull down stricter rules throw off been obligate in some cases, such as the removal of land, loss of jobs, expiry of homes and not allowing a child to attend school.In one extreme case, a woman in the 1980s pregnant with a hour child, was fired from, had a coerce stillbirth, and was then sent to a psychiatrical hospital, and was take over in a labour camp in the early on 2000s. Although this seems extreme, it should be assumed that since this incident, which occurred in the early stages of the policy, most of this behaviour has died out at once. However similar, though less brutal cases reach been noted.As although the policy is supposed to involve eugenic testing which is policed and enforced with a constit ution of stinting disincentives and fines, on that point throw been numerous reports of forced abortion, forced sterilisation and infanticide, even in the last decade, for example it was reported that in 2001 an annual quota of 20,000 forced sterilizations and forced abortions were set for Huaiji in the Gundang Province for those who did not adhere to the policy of one child only.However, China banned the routine of physical force to for abortions or sterilizations in 2002, hardly it seems even authorized law fundamentnot stop the brutalities, as on that point have been continuing reports of madness once morest women pregnant with a second or third child. However its not in effect(p) the women who are in danger, if families hide from officials, their relatives were thrown into tuck in until the white flag was shown even women with permission for a second child have been subject to violence.In some places the enforcement has been so harsh that the FPA (Family preparedness Association) had to give out brochures that detailed the seven donts of the policy, which included things such as not beating up people who have casual births and dont burn down their houses. Despite these horrific stories, the enforcement of the policy does vary greatly from place to place, so these stories bottom of the inningnot be frequentised to the self-coloured of China. Some provinces contain families with four or five children and can fix away with it because the policy is either ignored or the fines can be easily paid.Propaganda These are just a couple of the examples of hundreds of uses of propaganda used in China to help enforce the one child policy. The first one uses the word him which suggests that as well as advocating the one-child policy, some of the propaganda advocates a male child instead of a daughter. Although these are examples of the tamer slogans and statues, there have been ones which contain across a much harsher message Slogans painted on walls by the roadside have been both terrifying and unsubtle, such as toss off all your family members if you dont follow the rule and We would rather bell ringer your womb than allow you to have a second child.However the FPC is now saying that a shift is needed in the savour of this propaganda, more towards the ones shown in a higher place. Instead of intimidation, persuasion and encouragement are the new tactics to be adopted, so as to avoid pique the public and causing violence. Impacts of the Policy This policy was set out to sign the social, economic and environmental problems that plagued China in the 1970s/80s however has the policy actually performed as well as predicted?When the policy was first introduced, a 1. 2 billion target population was set for the year 2000, however in this year the population was at 1. 27 billion and even this was regarded as an underestimation. The Chinese authorities claim that the policy has prevented over cd million births since it was introduce d over 30 years ago this is also shown through the declining birthrate rate, which has fallen from 2. 9% to rough 1. % (recent figures show). However despite this bemuse, it is thorny to ignore the parallels China has with some another(prenominal) other countries around the world that have also experienced significant drops in natality rates, which leads to speculation around whether the policy is the reason for the decline, or that the government policy that encouraged subsequent marriages and longer intervals surrounded by birth and further children had more of an impact.This argument is and so plausible, as the fertility rate in China dropped from 5% to just below 2% even before the one child policy was introduced and as the graph higher up shows, the steepest decline was before 1979. Skewed age demographic Although there is speculation about the cause of fertility rates, a extensive impact of the one child policy has been a rapid increase in the ageing population of China, it is expected that the population ordain become disproportionally older well into this century.Today 10% of the urban population is already aged 65 and over, and this is pattern to rise to over 15% in a decade, 20% by 2025 and 35% in 2050 if the fertility rates remain consistent. But how prepared is China to cope with such a rapidly ageing population? Before the decline of fertility, the olden relied nearly exclusively on their children for jut out, however now the elderly in China will face a lack of young carers. At the succession the one-child policy was introduced, the economy at the time still provided maintenance in the way of communes in the countryside and organizations in urban areas.However now that Chinas economy has changed and developed this societal maintain has all but disappeared. This lack of support, coupled with the one-child policy means that extra social and financial pressure on a single child to support their grandparents and their parents. Th is is known as the 421 phenomenon, where the 4 represents the grandparents, the two represents the parents, and the one represents the child this shows that increase numbers of couples will end up with the sole responsibility of care for their child and their parents.Despite this, the government does pop the question $6 to poor rural elderly with one child, although it can only if be considered much help or a substitute for the support of more children. As well as this, over 60s have been quieten of extra provisions they may be able to receive, however many questions have been raised as to exactly how these new allowances will be funded. The imbalanced energise ratio In 1982, the sex ratio was at 108. 5 boys to e really 100 girls, which is already above the normal range, but in 2011 it had reached to 117. boys to every 100 girls and these ratios are not just hold to rural China. The policy has contributed to the sex ratio imbalance in several(prenominal) ways. Some couples w ho have not yet had a son apply to sex-selective abortions after ultrasound in order to have a child of the preferred gender. Despite the occurrence this is thought to account for a large proportion of the decline in female births, actual figures are difficult to calculate, as this kind of abortion is illegal, although its known to be very widely carried out.At the same time as this, some females are uncounted, missing or have disappeared as they are hidden from the government officials, or not officially registered at birth and this allows for couples to have a second child in an attempt to have a boy instead. Another explanation for the skewed ratio is the potential of infanticide, abandonment or deliberate neglect of baby girls.Although female mortality rates had been declining since 1930, by 2000 this had reserved and excess female mortality has travel since the implementation of the one-child policy. This can be seen to be one of the failures of the olicy and the potentially disastrous social consequences of this female deficit have been acknowledged. This shortage is thought to have increased male mental health problems as well as socially dissipated behaviour of the same gender. As well as this, a shortage of women mean the scarcity of brides, and this means that male marriage has once again become an indicator of social privilege, by 2000 27% of rural males were still unmarried at age 40. This scarcity of brides also leads to kidnapping and trafficking of women for marriage, as well as an increase in the numbers of commercial sex workers.However despite this skewed ratio, there is evidence to show that this conventional preference for boys is shifting, as 37% of young urban women claim to have gender preference for their child, and in fact more women voiced a preference for a female than for a male. As well as this, new propaganda has been brought in the encourage families that having a girl is not a bad thing. Economic Impacts One benefit that h as seemed to arisen from the policy is that it has helped to fuel the economic change seen in China over the past decades, as there is not as much competition between citizens, which has allowed more wealth to be spread around.It has also been noted that at the same time of the population growth slowing down, Chinas GDP has risen from 550USD to 7000USD, and during this time the growth of the GDP was greater than that of the US, Europe, Japan and India. As well as this is has been noted that the lower fertility rates have compound female labour participation, despite this fact, this may be down to the policy that was implanted before the one child policy that encouraged posterior marriage among other suggestions.It is also uncertain whether this correlation between the two movers necessarily means that the slowed population growth has led to an increase of the countries GDP. The policy is also thought to have a negative impact on the overall economic future of China due to the rap idly senescent population, which means more financial dependency is put on cock-a-hoop children to provide for their parents and grandparents (see 421 phenomenon above). Despite this fact, many studies have concluded that the population transitions that have taken place since the policy was utilise are responsible for 1/6 to 2/5 of Chinas economic growth.As well as this, individual nest egg rates have increased as well since the policy was implemented, and this is thought to be because households have more money and resources that arent being fatigued on multiple children. As well as the strain on household resources being decreased, so has the strain on natural resources since 1980, as it has been estimated (as mentioned before) that there would have been 400 million extra people, which would have been a huge additional strain on resources.According to the State Family prep Commission, coverage of tap water has increased, and so has the coverage of natural gases. semipolitic al Impacts The Chinese government has had to pay a dear cost politically for the introduction of the one child policy. The reports of forced sterilization and induced abortion have invited hostility as well as resistance from the population and the government have received large amounts of criticisms from the international community, the US in particular have expressed their disapproval with Chinese leaders for their sterilization policies.These physical abuses began to disappear by the end of the 1990s and China shifted its architectural plan towards encouraging contraception and providing couples with a wider selection of thee contraceptive methods. This shift in operation may have helped to ease the tension somewhat between the birth chink officials and civilians. However by the 1990s, the birthing reporting system has all but collapsed and it is now difficult to trust demographic selective information that is collected and released from government agencies, as it was also repo rted that as many as 30% of births were not counted in some areas during the 1990s.These problems with birth registrations have spread to other areas of demographic data-gathering operations such as the population census. The two main agencies responsible for collecting fertility information simply gave up their attempt to provide reliable and detailed information on fertility, and a rough estimate was used as an estimate instead. As well as this the government has required increasing amounts of financial resources to stick the birth hold policy. During the 1990s alone, the budget allocation towards birth control programs increased 3. times, and has increased during the beginning of the 21st century.As well as this, to initiate the policy an legions of birth control officials are needed, and this army has been rapidly increasing, with many on the government payroll. In addition to this, where fertility does not reach a low enough level, local officials are require to spend large amounts of time on the issue, as coming upon these birth control goals are major benchmarks used in evaluating the process and it affects the local officials political careers.Success or Failure? intrusive Overall, the labor has been more of a failure than of success. In terms of what it set out to do, the policy was in fact a success as in the years succeeding its introduction the fertility rates did indeed drop and it was thought that over 300 million births were prevented due to the policy (see above).Although undeniably effective in these terms, it seems obvious that the policy has not caught on in other countries also facing overpopulation such as India, who have seen the one-child policy as too intrusive on their populations lives, which is justifiable considering the shocking stories mentioned above of using force to stop women having a second child in a country that advocates a seemingly voluntary scheme of less offspring.Densely populated countries such as India have u sed alternate(a) schemes such as women advocacy groups, the increased availability of contraception, female potency and greater emphasis on sex education from an early age.As the fertility rate in areas which have adopted these frames of population control have dropped even meteoric than in China, as well as there being no evidence to say that forced abortion and sterilization is widespread, it begs the question that if China had adopted other methods and used more effective government leadership, would the population growth have decreased faster than using methods which invade couples lives and lead many into a state of business concern when they become pregnant?However one problem with placing all the success in the hands of the one-child policy is that it may not just be that which has caused the drop in the fertility rates and in fact there are other significant factors, which were thought to of affected it. One factor that may have affected the fertility rates of women inste ad of the one-child policy in in China is the fact that with a new economy, many young Chinese had new economic opportunities and rising incomes, which would have direct their attention away from marriage and childbearing, this is backed up by the fact that the ge of first marriage rose in the 1990s, and this was evidence that the changing demographic was not down to the one-child policy.As well as this, the general costs of childbearing also increased, and this may have quashed reproductive desires. However perhaps the most significant factor in this is that as mentioned above the fertility rate dropped more significantly in the years operation the policy due to the governments longer, ulterior, fewer policy which advocated later marriage, longer birth intervals and few births, it must be noted as well that in the policies early years the fertility level simply affected the fertility rate.If the previous policy had more impact on decreasing population growth then this policy ca n be seen to be a failure, as it had very little impact but very many negative consequences such as the tough policing of births which sometimes resulted in violent consequences.Despite this, if we can blame the subsequent impacts of declining population growth on the longer, later, fewer policy, then we can say that the policy was not directly responsible for the skewing of the gender ratio and the rapidly increasing population, however this does not make the policy a success, as it is liable(predicate) that the policy did have some effect on the gender ratio and aging population problems.Despite these factors, it is hard to know for sure whether the one-child policy directly effected population growth decline, as there are many other situational factors, which had the possibility to affect it, in this respect we can deem the one-child policy a failure to a small extent, because it is apparent that it did have some affect on the population growth decline.

Five Forces

&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- ReThe electrify Industry Conditions Are Ambiguous The cablegram intentnesss conditions argon quite ambiguous for new firms thinking to penetrate the market. The cable effort consists of firms that master in the wired, third party distribution systems for broadcast programming. These cable operators offer telecasting programming from cable networks or local television stations to consumers via cable infrastructure on a subscription basis.It is important to blood that the industry is different from satellite providers, Internet service providers, or VoIP services, whose main difference is in infrastructure. Main players in the cable industry operate on a nation-wide basis. The biggest threat to this industry is high barrier to entry. This is overdue to a number of factors. First, capital requirements are high because infrastructure is dearly-won such as the fiber-optic lines that have been int roduced to offer customers higher-priced, enhanced or bundled services.There is a medium level of industry concentration as the conduct four companies construct around 55% of the industry overall. Government regulations are also high, since operators must be licensed by the FCC through colossal registration. Thus programming rights, infrastructure investment, and high regulations present significant expenses and sharpness for new firms entering. Barriers to entry, unlike all other factors in the five forces model, real raises profits in a five forces analysis. This is because high barriers to entry maintain firms that could easily come into the market and take away profits.Other forces such as supplier business leader, buyer power, threat of substitutes, and industry rivalry, have moderate power in this industry. This would usually present a case of relatively inflict profits in the industry however we see that industry positiveness is way above the industry average. It see ms that the established firms in the industry are profitable because there are both high barriers to entry and many a(prenominal) firms have consolidated with content suppliers. Thus profitability in this industry is quite ambiguous.

Toyota: a Glimpse of Leadership, Organizational Leadership, and Organizational Structure

Toyota A Glimpse of Leadership, organisational Behavior, and Organizational Structure Courtney Berry Organizational behavior is the study of application of individuals behaviors in spite of appearance body constructiond stems deep down an establishment (Robbins &038 Judge, 2007). The field of study identifies behaviors within peculiar(prenominal) groups and individuals in organizations and how the structures of organizations play a role in behaviors (Robbins &038 Judge, 2007). In the quondam(prenominal) several months, the leading company in the car industry has been experiencing a tone control and consumer product safety reward.Toyota is not only encountering a quality control issue exactly also a elderly way crisis issue. The corporate lead team of Toyota did not recognize the grandeur of addressing the consumer safety issue with the sticking accelerator and not to mention the grand reality relations blunder that came with it. Does this travelure to address a qualit y control issue and a real senior management ordinary relations issue have anything to do with Toyotas leadership, organizational behavior, and organizational structure? Leadership, organizational behavior, and organization structureToyotas thought on leadership is to em business office employees and develop their people. If the employee has not learned a proper(postnominal) task, the leader has not done a good job (Womack &038 Shook, 2007). Plan, Do, Check, and body process (PDCA) Cycle is something that Toyota implements (Womack &038 Shook, 2007). This cycle engages employees to question products and processes and implement new action. Senior leadership is also expected to perform this. In fact, senior leadership regularly makes visits to the plant floors to engage with people and help with processes.This type of leadership employs reciprocal adjustment and interaction from both the employees and leadership. Leadership has much to do with behaviors within an organization. O rganizational behavior looks at behaviors on an individual, group, and organizational level and how the levels atomic number 18 interelated. According to Henry Mintzberg, organizational behaviors can be grouped into ternion primary categories interpersonal, informational, and decisional (Robbins &038 Judge, 2003). These behaviors are found at the managerial role but play an mportant and predictive role at determining the behaviors of an organization and its structure. When Toyota conduct the way in the car industry the organization was firing on all cylinders in their organizational behavior. At the individual level, job ecstasy empowers the employees to make decisions on the line and create effcient processes that lead to high production. At the group level, communication and decisions are made across multiple teams and employees to send the highest level of product leadership (Womack &038 Shook, 2007).The organizational level mirrors the individual and group level that create s a culture of ostentation within Toyota. This organizational pride creates a culture of employees with a belief that Toyota engineers the best products. Organizational structure is the backbone to the strategy of an organization. It helps carry out new strategies by differing structure designs and parameters in which individuals and groups communicate within organizations (Mintzber, Lampel, Quinn, &038 Ghoshal, 2003). The car industry typically mirrors the gondola organizational structure.The work is highly standardized and is designed to run by a large technostructure to formalize behaviors and actions (Mintzber, et al, 2003). The structure of this design typically limits power at the operator level. This type of horizontal structure ends up not engaging the people at the organization and does not benefit the node as a whole (Mitzber, et al, 2003). Toyota, while a machine organization, does not place value vertically and rather creates power horizontally. The organization has a history of empowering their operators with knowledge and career paths. Toyota is noted for this.Conclusion Toyotas leadership and organizational structure does not predicate the failure for senior management to fail to address a quality control and product issue as well as a public relations issue. The organizations role of interpersonal communication and decisions made both vertically and horizontally within its structure would lend to fix a enigma and engineer the best product. All employees are empowered to ask why an accelerator should be engineered with a certain spec and require certain raw materials. The leadership and structure creat high quality product processes.The organizational behavior could have explained the blunder on senior management to fail to address a quality control issue based on the culture. According to Benjamin Heineman, Toyotas culture of, We did it right, the problem is small, the critics are legal injury (paragraph 5, 2010). Toyotas culture and pride of engineering the best could have predicted this public relations blunder that has striped consumer confidence and may lead to a business failure or a chief executive incumbent stepping down. References Heineman, B. W. (2010). Flunking Crisis Management 101. The Washington Post.Retrieved from http//views. washingtonpost. com/leadership/panelists/2010/02/crisis-management-recall. html Mintzberg, H. , Lampel, J. , Quinn, J. B. , &038 Ghoshal, S. (2003). The strategy process Concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed. ). hurrying point River, NJ Prentice Hall. Robbins, S. P. , &038 Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Womack, J. P. &038 Shook, J.. (2007, October). Lean Management and the Role of Lean Leadership PowerPoint slides. Retrieved from http//www. lean. org/images/october_webinar_project_slides. PDF.

Apple Inc

Features of apple Industry2 paygrade of Steve Jobs as a strategical attracter4 strategical Innovation5 Recommendation7 Conclusion8 Reflection of our separate work9 References12 institution As the first of the Worlds Most Innovative Companies (Business week, 2010) and the seventeenth of the Best Global Brands (Interbrand, 2010), orchard apple tree has succeeded in strategic leadership and construct, which has worn-out attention from the world recently. This essay focuses on more or less key issues of orchard apple trees creative activity. It begins with analyzing the key features of apple Inc by Porters quintuplet forces and Kays distinctive capabilities.Then, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader and explanations of orchard apple trees strategic innovation atomic number 18 involved. The final segment is our passs to apple. Features of orchard apple tree Industry In the stage of analyzing the key features of orchard apple tree industry, the fi rst manner is the Porters five forces model. It divides into five parts, little terror of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and belligerent rivalry at bottom an industry (Assen, Berg and Pietersma,2009). Firstly, for orchard apple tree, there ar some new entrants sire disruptive power.For example, some online services which ar similar to iTunes. However, there are numbers of high requirement for new entrants to get in the marketplace, for instance, condemnation and cost of entry. In the part of substitutes, nowadays, pear-shaped amount of substitutes concur right-hand(a) performance, they cost lower, are easy to switch, but only few of them have aforementioned(prenominal) quality as Apples products in the similar price. In monetary value of bargaining power of buyers, it is an influential trouble for Apple. Although Apple has vast and loyal customers, every buyer and retailer only compulsion better stuff in lower price.Moreover, they may reduce disbursement on Apples products if their economy d possessturn. Furthermore, Apple net bring down bargaining power of its professional suppliers, such as Inter, and strategic alliance, give care Microsoft. The last part is the existing rivalry Apple has a view of powerful competitors, for example, HP and Lenovo. They pressure into Apple in every expert area and attract buyers by distinct products. Nevertheless, to be the close innovation comp all of the world, Apple industry is competitive all the time.An different method apply in analysing key features of Apple industry is Kays distinctive capabilities. This model consists of Architecture, study and Innovation. Architecture in the internal part between fast(a) and employees, Apple industry has owns special collective culture and a spiritual leadership. Apple corporate culture is featured in intense works and being pursuit of pure(a) works under a casual ambience and with shari ng spirit. For a spiritual leadership, Steve Jobs role in Apple is prompt employees to bring employees fictive talent into full play and not involving in the employees work.In the external part and net works of architecture, Apple only assume strong suppliers having professional advantages to cooperate, such as Intel, it always cooperate other firms with its own purpose. For instance, the apple chose the Google to take advantage of its maps and video features for phone. Reputation Apple has a great reputation that is built up on the home of the quality signals and consumers own experiences. Apple pays attention to quality of products. Apple keeps a trial and error on every product to prevent all quality problems from happening in future.Moreover, Apples production is always based on consumers experience. For example, Apple offers a free trial for consumers to feel their products. Innovation Apple is famous for its innovation that can be demonstrated by expert innovation, produ ct innovation and worry innovation. Technological innovation means a perfect integration between hardware and software and Apple as well as keep updating them. Referring to product innovation, from first imac to recent-product i phone, Apple products, combine different functions, all go through the innovation.Speaking of management innovation, after(prenominal) Steve jobs employment, Apples management style is victoryfully transformed from relaxed style to controlled one. Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader Steve Jobs is known to be eccentric when it comes to dodge and vexation because he strives to become a market leader by dominating the competitors in customer loyalty, distribution and coverage, perceived value, price, profit and promotional spending. This is diaphanous when we compare Apple and Microsoft because when Microsoft shows profit by sheer quantity, Apple competes powerfully with the quality of its products and services.As an innovative leader, Steve Jobs is legendary which is reflected on his company motto theorise different Rethinking, reinventing and revitalizing are the three main ways of doing moving in according to Steve Jobs. Simplicity and innovation in terms of the product kitchen range gave Steve Jobs the edge over other competitors. A well-known example for this is the annual launch of new and updated versions of the iPod with a simple change in colour, form-factor and retentivity capacity. His risk-taking approach to trade is believed to be unique making him an epitome of courage.His conception of self-belief and a vision enabled him to lead a great career life. He believes in investing in new innovative products and services that are built on existing technologies to create a customer and market-based blood line. His ability to get over failures and try again makes him a desirable comparison with Thomas Edison who had his share of failures along with mighty successes. Apple is a multi-billion company and yet they have just fewer than 30 different products. This is because of Steve Jobs immense drive for focus on a specific and well-identified section of the consumer electronics market.This shows the stringent and perseverant character of Steve Jobs as he would have told No to some potential ideas related both to the products and in recruitment. When Steve Jobs was fired from Apple in 1985 and came back in 1996, he implemented what we now believe as a CEO-centric model of strategic leadership that involves not just times of ideas but also to hold the rudder of a massive ship that is Apple. whence Steve Jobs will always be remembered as one of the some visionary, creative and high-impact leaders of his generation or any generation. strategical Innovation Apple has successfully engaged in strategic innovation and has awarded the some innovative firm for triple years continuously. At the same time, it is the top one most admired firm in American (McGregor, 2008). Due to apples hist ory, it belongs to established company. Therefore, overcoming the inertia of success and making a change is a big challenge. Combing Palmer and Kaplans theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation with apples experience, this paper analyzes strategic innovation in Apple.In terms of Markides (1998), strategic innovation is basic principles build up new employment modules and creates new markets and increase benefits for both company and consumer. In other words, strategic innovation refers to company ineluctably to market positioning and was level-headed at founding vacant space in market and filled up. Palmer and Kaplans theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation are explained as quest for A Managed Innovation Process -Assembling conventional and unconventional ways to business strategy (Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. , 2007).It is said that apples products develop in synchronic stages and Apple always sticks with a proprietary ecosystem. Though it has some drawbacks, the benefits outmatch drawbacks. Core Technologies and Competencies- Main skills (ibid). Due to the face that Apple is high-tech Company, it requires neat high technologies innovation. Apple was dedicated to study innovative industrial traffic pattern such as apple has the worlds most innovative operating system and intuitive UI and so on. Industry Foresight forecasting the complex forces driving change (ibid. Steve Jobs quoted the words from Wayne Gretzky-I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been (Jobs, 2008, cited in Yates, 2010). And he said they always move to do that at Apple since the very beginning. Strategic Alignment Establishing nourish (ibid). In Apple, when it comes to a strong strategic vision for the business, the powerful leader is capable to align the people in the organization with the direction ingrained in this vision. Therefore, the enthusiastic internal support could be achieved. Consumer/Customer brainstorm Deep perceiving of t arget (ibid).On one hand, Apple possesses wide audience ranging from amateurs to professionals. On the other hand, Apple satisfies customers requirements. All products are characterized by human larboard design and ease of use, combing aesthetics and simplicity, showing a perfect balance of form and function. Organizational Readiness The ability to implement strategy (ibid. ) The board of directors had been re-structured since Jobs took over in 1997. Apple gets an excellent leadership and team spirit. At the same time, Apple masters core technologies and competencies.Sufficient preparation leads to success. check Implementation Putting the strategy into effect (ibid. ) Apples butt on of implementation follows the module culture- product-user-brand. All the products that meet users needs abide by their culture, which causes consumer loyalty they get good reputation, therefore, the brand is established. Certainly, utile marketing strategy is an essential part of successful implem entation. Recommendation ground on analysis above, here follows some recommendations to Apple. Maintain design spirit.As most customers are attracted by peculiar aesthetic design of products, Apple should stop paying attention to it. Keep innovation. Innovation is the soul of Apple Inc, care innovation will bring Apple a bright future. modify product compatibility. Improving compatibility is able to increase the opportunities of choosing Apple products. At the same time, the product market share will be improved. Search for the shining leader and create positive crises. It is essential to find another splendiferous leader after Jobs. Apple should keep unsatisfied with current success and pursue change.Find hi-tech partners. Consumer electronics and entertainment industry are high competitive industries which update technology frequently. Thus, finding partner is crucial for an enterprise in the industry, especially, a hi-tech partner. Conclusion According to studied near Appl e, it can be reached that there is an excellent management team in Apple Inc. , especially the CEO Steve Jobs, a strategic, spiritual leader with strong personality. In terms of strategy of the corporation, it is sticking to core competencies and innovation strategy, making the perfect products to consumer.With reference to organization, Apple is a mix-mechanic and organic style. Staffs in Apple are always with passion and love their own company as well. execution of instrument of Apple in the consumer electronic and entrainment market which is a hyper competition market with technology updating speedily is excellent. There are a large number of loyal customers, great strategies, beautiful products and influential leadership which are all produced by Apple, an innovation corporation. Reflection of our host work Our group work focuses on a topic- Strategic Leadership and Innovation at Apple Inc. y Apple case studies, some(prenominal) key questions are asked to answer, including th e key features of Apple industry, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader, explanations of Apples strategic innovation and our recommendations to Apple. Our group activities was proceed according to a deed of making assignment for each people then searching for materials each next, sharing ideas and of discussing issues together. In the following part, we will introduce a modus operandi of our group activity in detail.The object of our first group concussion was getting main idea to carry out our project after we read the apple case material. In this meeting, our group discussed and got general ideas and several key words from this case what is management and innovation in Apple. exactly it didnt work very well due to insufficient preparation. Therefore, when we make a second meeting, we changed our idea to go on our tasks according to orders of questions. Each 2 members of our group took responsible for one question, and a member took charge of introduct ion, recommendation and conclusion.In this time, everyone got a put down task. In the following group meeting, we discussed what we found from stash away materials and gave advices of every question and pick the best ones to the questions. Everyone is asked to complete their own speeches of their own presentation. If we had problems of our project in the period of not being together, we still unplowed in touch online. In the last two group meeting, we all gave a brief presentation of our own part to group members and made them understand every piece of our works, and we all achieved agreement to our project without any doubt.One of team member combined all pieces of Power Point into the consentaneous and decorated it. We all prepared for the presentation and kept practice with a time controlling together. For a group work, we evaluate that it is fairly good with advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, we well-educated a lot from this group work. Firstly, we learned how to analyzer a case with models. Furthermore, we also learned that by a combination of case studies and models, it strengthens the knowledge we learned in the class. Secondly, this activity also improved our skills of doing presentation and reports.We got a clear understanding of requirements of good presentation and reports. Last but not least, our team members shared ideas and made up for each others disadvantages. From this experience we got the team work spirit and learn how to corporate with others, how to solve the conflicts. On the other hand, some problems existed in the period of meeting. frankly speaking, some meetings are ineffective, because we didnt prepared well what supposed to do about case studies. Moreover, on the account of some members absence seizure and lack of team spirit, the progress of our group work was affected.Here are some suggestions to the future team work we learn from our experience firstly, a clear schedule should be made in the beginning as a guide of future works. Secondly, team members need to improve group sentiency and join in a group activity positively. Everyone of a group should review handouts or materials in advance of ones own responsibility of a group. Lastly, the efficiency is critical to group work.References Assen. M. V. , Berg. G. V. D. , Pietersma. P. (2009) Key direction Models, Prentice Hall Best Global Brands, Retrieved Nov 4th, 2010, form http//www. interbrand. om/en/best-global-brands/Best-Global-Brands-2010. aspx Brian. C. Steve Jobs killer Instintcts. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, form http//www. forbes. com/2009/04/06/apple-microsoft-advertising-technology-enterprise-tech-apple. html Harvard Business review blog, Retrieved Oct 27th , 2010, from http//blogs. hbr. org/taylor/2009/06/decoding_steve_jobs_trust_the. html Markides. C. (1998). Strategic Innovation in Established Companies, Sloan Management Review, pp31-42. McGregor. J. (2008). The worlds most innovative companies. Business week, April 17. Retrie ved Oct 27th, 2010, from http//www. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/08_17/b4081061866744. htm Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. (2007). A Framework for Strategic Innovation, Innovation Point LLC, PP. 1-24. Practice of leadership website, Retrieved Oct 28th, 2010, from http//www. thepracticeofleadership. net/2008/03/30/steve-jobs-and-his-leadership/ Roberts, J (2004). The Modern Firm, Oxford University Press. Saswati. 2010. The seven dimensions of strategic innovation. Retrieved Oct, 26th, 2010, form http//www. improvementandinnovation. com/features/articles/seven-dimensions-strategic-innovation? age=1 outline leader blog, Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http//strategyleader. blogspot. com/2010/01/steve-jobs-risktaking-innovative. html The 25 Most Innovation Companies 2010. Retrieved Nov. 1st, 2010, form http//images. businessweek. com/ss/10/04/0415_most_innovative_companies/26. htm , Yates, V. (2010). Steve Jobs. Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http//www. leadevalues. com/Content/detail. a sp? ContentDetailID=1369 1000 ventures website, Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http//www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/market_leader. html

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to advise members of the state legislature with recommendations for overbold prison line policies to doubled the maximum prison term for any individual convicted of armed looting. Although the state legislature concedes the bill is common the concern is whether the bill will deter arm robberies. Prison bourne Policy Recommendation In a few days the state legislature will be voting on a new bill to determine if the maximum prison term for anyone convicted of armed robbery should affect anyone convicted of armed robbery be given a double maximum sentence.However, the effectiveness of double prison sentences as deterrence to send-off time and re-offenders is quite difficult to estimate. Many states define robbery as larceny or theft of money or property by means of the use of intimidation, physical force, or violence against a victim by the offender(s). When a weapon is used or the victim suffers injury, whereby the offender whitethorn b e charged as aggravated or armed robbery.looting is differentiated between armed robbery that involves the use of some equitysuit of weapon, and aggravated robbery that involves the use of a deadly weapon. Armed robbery is one of the most pull crimes in the United States that concerns legislatures, the entire immoral justice system, and society. All states punish armed robbery as a major or capital offense, whereas sentencing depending on many factors such as state laws and procedures, prior criminal history, whether there are any sentencing improvements, or whether the state has a diversion program.For example a person (victim) is locomote grim the street a man (the robber) approaches and ask for the time when the victim looks at his watch and looks back up the robber has a hit man in the victims face demanding money if the victim fails to give the robber his or her money the robber may shoot or hit the victim with the gun to obtain the money. In the early 1990s, legislation of many states (with the expulsion of Michigan) enacted mandatory sentencing for repeat offenders.These laws became known as the three strikes laws, were invoked when an offender committed his or her third offense. The three strike law requires the courts to hand down an extended mandatory sentence of confinement. The belief behind the three strikes law was to target repeat or career offenders who repeatedly commit felonies seance a serious threat to society. Under the new law by 2001 California had more than 50,000 offenders sentenced than any other state with one quaternary facing a minimum of 25 years in prison.Although critics, keep that these sentences are disproportionate to the crime perpetrated and would increase correctional costs, in touch 2003 the United States Supreme Court rejected the argument of cruel and unmatched punishment and upheld the three strikes laws. Michigans prisons population since 1973 has grown 474% fast-breaking than other states. In 1998 the M ichigan legislatures enacted the Truth-in-Sentencing law, to be tougher on crime. During this time the knockdown-dragout crime rate in Michigan did not decrease and has go along to grow, and has spent more on correctional facilities than any of its surrounding states.

Black is Beautiful

No weigh how cliche it whitethorn be, dense masses are indeed beautiful. In the sense that sear dry wash exists in almost all split of the world. In addition, their wash drawing plays a significant part of the worlds history, as much as the world has been an important part of theirs.The people of various countries contributed a considerable deal in building bare peoples self perception, as well as the exposure they project to the society. With all the triumph and misery they be film faced, they nourish substantial a thinking that made them stand out. Evident even in their pieces of literature, are their desire to be noted as a fibrous race, equal to some(prenominal) other race, and despite the sla real and mockery, they are very proud of who they are. The poem, Primer for Blacks, by Gwendolyn Brooks the first black poetess who won the Pulitzer Prize speaks of how being black should be embraced.That it is not merely having blueish complexion, but it is also a mind se t. Black people should be mindful that their people are equal to those who regard them as an insufficient race (Brooks). The conscious shout of the slack in Black isIts groovy to be white. Thus all that is white has white strength and yours. (Brooks) This stanza states that blacks may say that they are also white. It may be interpreted as having gone through suffering, their race rose with the strength and capability that any ordinary white man might have been able to do.Given the kindred sensibility and abilities, it is but righteous to assert that they are as top-notch as any other race, and thus should be perceived and pass judgment as so by the society and more importantly, themselves (Brooks). I am a black woman tall as a cypressindestructible Look on me and be renewed (Evans) Another notable African-American writer, Mari Evans, wrote I am a Black Woman. different Brooks poem, which pertained to all black people, Evans poem presented all the different aspects of a Bla ck womans strength that should be greatly appreciated.Although it pertained to the women of the race alone, it still did not fail to extend the core truths that Brooks mentioned in her poem that they have suffered in the hands of other races, through thralldom and discrimination and yet they stand tall and proud.The hardships of their lives made them invincible and as such are fountains of hope and inspiration that may be an envied by other races (Evans). Ive been a singer All the way from Africa to tabun I carried my sorrow songs. I made ragtime. (Hughes)A third poem that presents the great pride in being black is Langston Hughes Negro. Like the 2 earlier given poems, it spoke of the capability of blacks to survive trying generation and to survive it with dignity, a feat that should be acknowledged.It presented the dark times that black people have suffered chthonic different races how they were servants even in the earliest time recorded in history and how they remained to be discriminated until the present. However, through the handling of irony, the poem was able to share how the blacks remain majestic even under slavery. They have made architectural history during their enslavement in Egypt and they have opened a new genre of music with their woes.These achievements prove that their travail and patience in the time of their bondage, paid off in a way that allowed them to claim that as the night, the blacks will continue to live for other day (Hughes).I am a Negro Black as the night is black (Hughes) Like the night that inevitably comes after day, the black race is going to remain as part of history. All trio poems mentioned their contributions in the civilizations of other races. All poems also mentioned the suffering and bondage that they have gone through, all of which bore fruits of goodness to the history of the people that they have served.It also brought about good for them in a way that it has cause them to be the people they are today. The events in the past gave them the right to be proud of who they are.Like metal is served to heat in order to become firm, their race underwent hardships to become the people who can equal any other race. As such, all three poems showed proof that black people should be certain and embraced. They should not be judged by their color, but by their contributions in carriage and history.As such, the black race should be perceived with respect not precisely by the whites but by all other races for who they are and for the things theyve collectively done for the worlds development.Works Cited Brooks, Gwendolyn. Primer for Blacks 1980. verse Foundation. 19 February 2009 <http//www. poetryfoundation. org/ memorandum/poem. html? id=182443>.Evans, Mari. I am a Black Woman 1970. Mr. Africa Poetry Lounge. 19 February 2009 <http//www. ctadams. com/marievans2. html>.Hughes, Langston. Negro. 1920. Amanda A. 19 February 2009 <http//amandafa. blogspot. com/2007/12/negro-by-langst on-hughes. html>.

Data Mining and Data Warehouse Essay

ABSTRACT entropy archeological site, the extraction of hidden yellive information from large selective informationbases, is a powerful in the raw technology with great potential to help companies focus on the roughly grave information in their entropy wargon houses. Data digging tools predict future trim backs and behaviors, allowing origines to make proactive, knowledge- driven closings systems. Data storage storage wargonhouse is a computer system designed to give furrow finish-makers instant entrance fee to information. The w behouse copies its selective information from existing systems like order entry, general ledger, and pitying re man-made lakes and stores it for use by executives rather than programmers. Data warehouse users use redundant software that enables them to create and access information when they need it, as hostile to a reporting schedule defined by the information systems (IS) department. This piece of music describes the signification of in formation warehouse and info mine basic architecture of info wareho using and entropy minelaying, functions and working of entropy mining. It in addition presents data mining from data warehouseINTRODUCTIONModern organizations are chthonian enormous pressure with late(a) development of the technology. Clearly we need a rapid access to all kinds of information. To assist this we need to consider the erstwhile(prenominal) and to identify relevant trend analysis. So to perform any trend analysis we must let a database. In roughly organizations you willing find really large databases in operation for normal perfunctory performances. These causas of databases are known as running(a) databases in to the highest degree cases they have not been design to store historical data or to reply to queries but simply to swan all the exertions for day to day transactions.The endorsement type of database found in organizations is the data warehouse. This is designed for str ategic decision support and is largely built up from the databases that make up the operational database. The basic characteristic of a data warehouse is that it contains vast follow of data which stand mean billions of records. Smaller, local data warehouse are called data marts. A data warehouse is designed especially for decision support queries then further data that is needed for decision support is extracted from the operational data and stored in the data warehouse along with the metre when it was retrieved from operational databases.DEFINITIONDATA WAREHOUSINGA data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant and non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision qualification process. Subject-Oriented A data warehouse female genital organ be utilise to meditate a particular subject area. For caseful, sales cornerstone be a particular subject. Integrated A data warehouse integrates data from multiple data sources. For example, source A and source B may have different gists of identifying a product, but in a data warehouse, there will be only a individual way of identifying a product.Time-Variant Historical data is kept in a data warehouse. For example, one can retrieve data from 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, or even older data from a data warehouse. This contrasts with a transactions system, where often only the most recent data is kept. For example, a transaction system may hold the most recent address of a client, where a data warehouse can hold all addresses associated with a customer. Non-volatile Once data is in the data warehouse, it will not change. So, historical data in a data warehouse should never be altered.The chase are the typical move involved in the data warehousing project cycle.* Requirement convention* Physical Environment Setup* Data Modeling* ETL* OLAP Cube public figure* Front End Development* Report Development* Performance tune* Query Optimization* Quality Assurance* Rolling com e out of the closet to take* Production Maintenance* Incremental EnhancementsBenefits of a data warehouseA data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems. This architectural intricateity provides the opportunity to * Maintain data history, even if the source transaction systems do not. * Integrate data from multiple source systems, enabling a central view across the enterprise. This benefit is always valuable, but particularly so when the organization has grown by merger. * Improve data quality, by providing consistent codes and descriptions, flagging or even fixing fully grown data. * put in the organizations information consistently.* Provide a single common data model for all data of interest regardless of the datas source. * Restructure the data so that it makes sense to the pipeline users. * Restructure the data so that it delivers excellent query performance, even for complex analytic queries, without impacting the operational systems . * Add value to operational business drills, notably customer dealingship management (CRM) systems.Data dig (DM)Data mining, also known as knowledge find, refers to computer-assisted tools and techniques for sifting by dint of and analyzing these vast data stores in order to find trends, patterns, and cor transaction that can guide decision making and increase understanding. Data mining covers a wide variety of uses, from analyzing customer purchases to discovering galaxies.In essence, data mining is the equivalent of conclusion gold nuggets in a mountain of data. The monumental task of finding hidden gold depends firmly upon the power of computers The purpose of DM is to analyze and understand past trends and predict future trends.By predicting future trends, business organizations can better horizon their products and services for financial gain. Nonprofit organizations have also achieved significant benefits from data mining, such(prenominal) as in the area of scientifi c progress. The concept of data mining is simple yet powerful. The simplicity of the concept is deceiving, however. Traditional methods of analyzing data, involving query-and-report approaches, cannot do by tasks of such magnitude and complexity. Data mining consists of five major elements* Extract, transform, and send transaction data onto the data warehouse system. * Store and manage the data in a multidimensional database system. * Provide data access to business analysts and information technology professionals. * Analyze the data by application software.* Present the data in a reusable format, such as a graph or table.Data mining services can be used for the following functions * Research and surveys Data mining can be used for product research, surveys, market research and analysis. Information can be gathered that is quite useful in driving new merchandise campaigns and promotions. * Information collection Through the web scraping process it is thinkable to collect infor mation regarding investors, investments and funds by scraping through with(p) link up websites and databases. * Customer opinions Customer views and suggestions play an important role in the way a company absorbs. The information can be readily be found on forums, blogs and other resources where customers freely provide their views. * Data see Data collected and stored will be not be important unless scanned. Scanning is important to identify patterns and similarities contained in the data.* Extraction of information This is the touch of identifying the useful patterns in data that can be used in decision making process. This is so because decision making must be establish on sound information and facts. * Pre-processing of data Usually the data collected is stored in the data warehouse. This data needs to be pre-processed.by pre-processing it means some data that may be deemed unimportant may therefore re removed manually be data mining experts.* vane data meshing data usua lly poses more challenges in mining. This is so because of its nature. For instance, web data can be deemed as dynamic meaning it keeps changing from time to time. on that pointfore it means the process of data mining should be repeated in regular intervals. * Competitor analysis There is a need to understand how your competitors are fairing on in the business market. You need to know both their weaknesses and strengths. Their methods of marketing and distribution can be mined. How they reduce their overall costs is also quite important.* Online research The meshing is highly regarded for its huge information. It is evident that it is the largest source of information. It is possible to gather a lot of information regarding different companies, customers and your business clients. It is possible to detect tricks through online means. * News Nowadays with almost all major newspapers and news sources invoice their news online it is possible to gather information regarding trends and other critical areas. In this way, it is possible to be in the better position of competing in the market. * update data This is quite important. Data collected will be uneffective unless it is updated. This is to ensure that the information is relevant so as to make decisions from it.How does data mining work?While large-scale information technology has been evolving reissue transaction and analytical systems, data mining provides the link between the two. Data mining software analyzes relationships and patterns in stored transaction data based on open-ended user queries. Several types of analytical software are obtainable statistical, machine learning, and neural earningss. Generally, any of four types of relationships are sought * Classes Stored data is used to locate data in predetermined groups. For example, a eating house chain could mine customer purchase data to determine when customers predict and what they typically order.This information could be used to increas e traffic by having daily specials. * Clusters Data items are grouped according to logical relationships or consumerpreferences. For example, data can be mined to identify market segments or consumer affinities. * Associations Data can be mined to identify associations. The beer-diaper example is an example of associative mining. * Sequential patterns Data is mined to anticipate behavior patterns and trends. For example, an open-air(prenominal) equipment retailer could predict the likelihood of a backpack being purchased based on a consumers purchase of sleeping bags and hiking shoes.Industries/fields where data mining is flowingly applied are as follows 1. Data tap in the Banking Sector Worldwide, banking sector is ahead of many other industries in using mining techniques for their vast customer database. Although banks have employed statistical analysis tools with some success for several years, previously unseen patterns of customer behavior are now coming into clear focus wit h the care of new data mining tools. These statistical tools and even the OLAP find out the answers, but more advanced data mining tools provide sixth sense to the answer. Some of the applications of data mining in this industry are (i)Predict customer reaction to the change of interest rates (ii)Identify customers who will be most receptive to new product offers (iii)Identify loyal customers(iv) Pin point which clients are at the highest risk for defaulting on a loan (v)Find out persons or groups who will opt for each type of loan in the following year (vi)Detect fraudulent activities in credit card transactions (vii)Predict clients who are likely to change their credit card affiliation in the future(a) quarter (viii)Determine customer preference of the different modes of transaction namely through teller or through credit cards, etc.2. Data minelaying in the amends SectorInsurance companies can benefit from young data mining methodologies, which help companies to reduce cost s, increase profits, retain current customers, acquire new customers, and develop new products .This can be done through (1)Evaluating the risk of the summations being insured taking into account the characteristics of the asset as well as the owner of the asset. (2)Formulating Statistical Modeling of Insurance Risks(3)Using the Joint Poisson/Log-Normal Model of mining to optimize insurance policies (4)And finally finding the actuarial Credibility of the risk groups among insurers3. Data Mining in telecommunicationAs on this date, every activity in telecommunication has used data mining technique.(1)Analysis of telecom service purchases(2)Prediction of telephone calling patterns(3)Management of resources and net income traffic(4)Automation of network management and maintenance using artificial news program to diagnose and repair network transmission problems, etc4. Data Mining in Fraud DetectionData dredging has found wide and useful application in various fraud sleuthing proces ses like (1)Credit card fraud sensing using a combined parallel approach (2)Fraud detection in the voters list using neural networks in combination with symbolic and analog data mining. (3)Fraud detection in passport applications by invention a specific online learning diagnostic system. (4)Rule and analog based detection of false medical claims and so on.An Architecture for Data MiningTo silk hat apply these advanced techniques, they must be fully integrated with a data warehouse as well as flexible interactive business analysis tools. Many data mining tools currently operate outside of the warehouse, requiring extra steps for extracting, importing, and analyzing the data. Furthermore, when new insights require operational implementation, desegregation with the warehouse simplifies the application of results from data mining. The resulting analytic data warehouse can be applied to improve business processes throughout the organization, in areas such as promotional campaign man agement, fraud detection, new product rollout, and so on. Figure 1 illustrates an architecture for advanced analysis in a large data warehouse.Figure 2 Integrated Data Mining ArchitectureFROM DATA WAREHOUSE TO DATA MININGDM is a set of methods for data analysis, created with the aim to find out specific dependence, relations and rules related to data and making them out in the new, higher-level quality information. As distinguished from the data warehouse, which has unique data approach, DM gives results that show relations and interdependence of data. Mentioned dependences are mostly based on various numerical and statistic relations.Figure 3 Process of knowledge data discoveryEMERGING TRENDS IN DATA MINING sack up mining is the application of data mining techniques to discover patterns from the net. According to analysis targets, web mining can be divided into three different types, which are Web usage mining, Web content mining and Web structure mining. Web usage miningWeb usa ge mining is the process of extracting useful information from server logs i.e. users history. Web usage mining is the process of finding out what users are looking for on Internet. Some users might be looking at only textual data, whereas some others might be interested in multimedia data. Web structure miningWeb structure mining is the process of using graph theory to analyze the node and connection structure of a web site. According to the type of web structural data, web structure mining can be divided into two kinds 1. Extracting patterns from hyperlinks in the web a hyperlink is a structural component that connects the web knave to a different location. 2. Mining the document structure analysis of the tree-like structure of page structures to describe HTML or XML tag usage. Web content miningWeb content mining is the mining, extraction and integration of useful data, information and knowledge from Web page contents. Data Stream Mining is the process of extracting knowledge structures from continuous, rapid data records. A data stream is an ordered sequence of instances that in many applications of data stream mining can be read only once or a small number of times using limited computing and storage capabilities. Examples of data streams include computer network traffic, phone conversations, ATM transactions, web searches, and sensor data.

Logical Fallacies

?TUDENT loss LOGICAL FALLACIES Explanation of reproducible Fallacies * What is lawful system? * Logic is reasoning that is conducted agree to strict principles. * How is synthetic system associate to informative writing? * When you write an expository essay, you atomic number 18 using logic to provide the layers of proof for your directions. * You argon proving your dissertation when you stool your offspring condemns. * e. g. , say the Why, How, What atomic number 18 they inquires more or less the thesis * You argon proving your topic article of faiths when you construct your patriarchal reinforcements * e. g. say the Why, How, What atomic number 18 they questions about the topic reprove * You atomic number 18 proving/fleshing out your primary support when you construct your inessential supports. * e. g. , tell the What do you mean, Tell me more than, Why, How, What are they questions about the primary supports * You locoweed think of logic/reasoning as t he answers to the questions that enhance the thesis, topic sentences, and primary supports. * What is a logical fallacy? * A logical fallacy (a. k. a. rhetorical fallacy) is an error in reasoning. In expository writing, it is the dispar ripen answer to whiz of the questions.There are numerous a(prenominal) reasons wherefore citizenry flow up with the wrong answers. Some of the intimately common reasons are listed downstairs (see Different Types of formal Fallacies). * Logical fallacies in writing signal twain assumptions about the author * The source is non honest * The author is non smart. * Uses for Logical Fallacies * Writers of advertisements, editorials, and political propaganda pass on eng board logical fallacies to their advantage. Different Types of Logical Fallacies * Circular Logic (a. k. a. smoke and mirrors) an melodic phrase in which the source supports his/her military post by partially restating it. another(prenominal) inwardness of schoolman failure is electronegative feelings. stamp, resulting from faculty member failure, ordain lower a someones self-esteem. Similarly, first rent increase based a persons disconsolateness about the lack of employment options open to them be arouse of their pedantic setbacks. * The topic sentence states that one result of academic failure is negative feelings. Thus, the reader leave alone expect the generator to explain HOW academic failure causes negative feelings. The reader may also expect the writer to explain WHAT the negative feelings are. Depression is one type of negative feeling.However, the writer does not show how academic failure causes depressive disorder. Instead, he/she states that depression result lower a persons self-esteem, which is very similar to depression. In the next sentence, the writer states that depression go away increase based on a persons heartsickness about the lack of employment. Because despondency is the same as depression, the writer has said absolutely zero point by making that statement. Moreover, he/she has muzzy the direct connection between academic failure and negative feelings when he/she chose to include employment. * Non Sequitur (a. k. a.Lying) It does not follow. A statement in which the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. * other problem with the up-to-the-minute imbibition age of 21 is that it results in opprobrious consumption. maven way it results in abusive consumption is the long anticipation for the appropriate age, which is possible to create sp windupthrift drinking after it sours available. A heap of teenage slew who carry through the legal age tend to go overboard when they are at last able to drink whenever they want. They do not care about their limits and the consequences of exacting drinking because nobody reach attest them not to drink.As a result, they end up drinking too much. Another way it causes abusive drinking is that striplings chthonian the age of 21 are driven by the enticement of mislabeled performance. The age limit has not eliminated drinking for people under 21. Instead, it has pushed them to do it in private environments, where they can hide from parents and the law. * The topic sentence specifies that the current drinking age results in the abusive consumption of alcohol. In order to prove this topic sentence, the writer would engender to answer the HOW question with regard to the topic sentence.To be specific, HOW does current drinking age hold out to the excessive consumption of alcohol? Although the writer does answer the question, he/she provides preposterous answers. First, the writer contends that people who confuse to confront until a certain age to drink alcohol go overboard because theyve waited so long. This is not authentic bulk who are unable to instruction their behavior are likely a certain person-to-personity type, not a certain age. razeing if the age were to change to eighteen (as the writer of this paper suggested), people with this particular(a) personality type would still have the same problem.Second, the writer contends that people under the age of 21 are driven by a temptation to participate in penal activity. Again, this is not true People who have an affinity for smuggled activity can be whatever age. Unless the writer can cite several(prenominal) reputable studies that confirm his/her claim, it is alone false. * Slippery Slope (a. k. a. Exaggerating) assuming that one thing ordain cause something extremely drastic. * Smoking marihuana will lead to cocaine addiction. When young people smoke marijuana, they normally induce addicted to the feelings of merriment that they add up from the activity.Once people become used to those feelings, they will search something stronger. Eventually, they will discipline harder drugs. Cocaine is one of the harder drugs and very addictive. As young people seek a harder drug that will allow them to feel the high that they seek, they are likely to try cocaine and, unfortunately, become addicted. * The topic sentence makes a claim that is REALLY PRESUMPTUOUS What licence does the author have that people normally become addicted to marijuana? Has a study proven that?Even if some people do become accustomed to the feelings of pleasure associated with marijuana, it is a big assumption to pay off that they will need something stronger. It is an even bigger assumption to determine that they will try cocaine as the stronger drug. * Ad Hominem (a. k. a. low blows) a personal attack on an contrary rather than dealing logically with the guinea pig itself * Another reason why teenagers should not be allowed to drive is because they do not make sober decisions. Teenagers have not developed the brotherly skills needed to be ourteous drivers. They are self-centered people whose negative attitudes are clearly seen in the ship canal that the currently behave while on the road. * The topic senten ce states that teenagers do not make good decisions.The writers first primary support does begin to prove the TS because it answers the why question about the TS. However, the secondary support is erroneous. Instead of providing more certify about the PS (by answering one of the appropriate questions associated with it), the writer insults teenager by saying they have negative attitudes and poor behavior. Red herring (the hidden ammunition) an argument in which the writer introduces an irrelevant point * Another way that illegal immigrants tally to the economy is by working. Despite doing back-breaking work, many of the immigrants are barely pay minimum wage.People who hire illegal immigrants can pay them lower advantage than a regular U. S. worker because the illegal immigrant has no rights. Employers who hire illegal immigrants know they can save property if they hire them, and they know the immigrants will not tell anyone because of the fear of beingness deported. The writ er has lost his/her focus. The topic sentence specifies that the illegal immigrant workers result to the economy. Thus, readers will expect to see the antithetic ways that the workers do that (e. g. , the jobs they obtain and HOW those jobs contribute to the economy, perhaps the goods they buy and HOW they contribute to the economy). However, the writer spends the entire paragraph counselling on how the illegal immigrant workers are unfairly treated. Their unfair treatment has nothing to do with their contribution to the economy.Logical Fallacies?TUDENT HANDOUT LOGICAL FALLACIES Explanation of Logical Fallacies * What is logic? * Logic is reasoning that is conducted according to strict principles. * How is logic related to expository writing? * When you write an expository essay, you are using logic to provide the layers of proof for your statements. * You are proving your thesis when you construct your topic sentences. * e. g. , answering the Why, How, What are they questions ab out the thesis * You are proving your topic sentences when you construct your primary supports * e. g. answering the Why, How, What are they questions about the topic sentence * You are proving/fleshing out your primary support when you construct your secondary supports. * e. g. , answering the What do you mean, Tell me more, Why, How, What are they questions about the primary supports * You can think of logic/reasoning as the answers to the questions that prove the thesis, topic sentences, and primary supports. * What is a logical fallacy? * A logical fallacy (a. k. a. rhetorical fallacy) is an error in reasoning. In expository writing, it is the wrong answer to one of the questions.There are many reasons why people come up with the wrong answers. Some of the most common reasons are listed below (see Different Types of Logical Fallacies). * Logical fallacies in writing signal two assumptions about the writer * The writer is not honest * The writer is not smart. * Uses for Logical F allacies * Writers of advertisements, editorials, and political propaganda will use logical fallacies to their advantage. Different Types of Logical Fallacies * Circular Logic (a. k. a. smoke and mirrors) an argument in which the writer supports his/her position by partially restating it. Another effect of academic failure is negative feelings. Depression, resulting from academic failure, will lower a persons self-esteem. Similarly, depression will increase based a persons despondency about the lack of employment options available to them because of their academic setbacks. * The topic sentence states that one result of academic failure is negative feelings. Thus, the reader will expect the writer to explain HOW academic failure causes negative feelings. The reader may also expect the writer to explain WHAT the negative feelings are. Depression is one type of negative feeling.However, the writer does not show how academic failure causes depression. Instead, he/she states that depre ssion will lower a persons self-esteem, which is very similar to depression. In the next sentence, the writer states that depression will increase based on a persons despondency about the lack of employment. Because despondency is the same as depression, the writer has said absolutely nothing by making that statement. Moreover, he/she has lost the direct connection between academic failure and negative feelings when he/she chose to include employment. * Non Sequitur (a. k. a.Lying) It does not follow. A statement in which the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. * Another problem with the current drinking age of 21 is that it results in abusive consumption. One way it results in abusive consumption is the long anticipation for the appropriate age, which is likely to create excessive drinking after it becomes available. A lot of young people who reach the legal age tend to go overboard when they are finally able to drink whenever they want. They do not care about their limits and the consequences of irresponsible drinking because nobody can tell them not to drink.As a result, they end up drinking too much. Another way it causes abusive drinking is that teenagers under the age of 21 are driven by the temptation of illegal activity. The age limit has not eliminated drinking for people under 21. Instead, it has pushed them to do it in private environments, where they can hide from parents and the law. * The topic sentence specifies that the current drinking age results in the abusive consumption of alcohol. In order to prove this topic sentence, the writer would have to answer the HOW question with regard to the topic sentence.To be specific, HOW does current drinking age lead to the excessive consumption of alcohol? Although the writer does answer the question, he/she provides incorrect answers. First, the writer contends that people who have to wait until a certain age to drink alcohol go overboard because theyve waited so long. This is not true P eople who are unable to control their behavior are likely a certain personality type, not a certain age. Even if the age were to change to eighteen (as the writer of this paper suggested), people with this particular personality type would still have the same problem.Second, the writer contends that people under the age of 21 are driven by a temptation to participate in illegal activity. Again, this is not true People who have an affinity for illegal activity can be any age. Unless the writer can cite several reputable studies that confirm his/her claim, it is entirely false. * Slippery Slope (a. k. a. Exaggerating) assuming that one thing will cause something extremely drastic. * Smoking marijuana will lead to cocaine addiction. When young people smoke marijuana, they normally become addicted to the feelings of pleasure that they derive from the activity.Once people become used to those feelings, they will seek something stronger. Eventually, they will try harder drugs. Cocaine is one of the harder drugs and very addictive. As young people seek a harder drug that will allow them to feel the high that they seek, they are likely to try cocaine and, unfortunately, become addicted. * The topic sentence makes a claim that is REALLY PRESUMPTUOUS What evidence does the author have that people normally become addicted to marijuana? Has a study proven that?Even if some people do become accustomed to the feelings of pleasure associated with marijuana, it is a big assumption to determine that they will need something stronger. It is an even bigger assumption to determine that they will try cocaine as the stronger drug. * Ad Hominem (a. k. a. low blows) a personal attack on an opponent rather than dealing logically with the issue itself * Another reason why teenagers should not be allowed to drive is because they do not make good decisions. Teenagers have not developed the social skills needed to be ourteous drivers. They are self-centered people whose negative attitud es are clearly seen in the ways that the currently behave while on the road. * The topic sentence states that teenagers do not make good decisions.The writers first primary support does begin to prove the TS because it answers the WHY question about the TS. However, the secondary support is erroneous. Instead of providing more evidence about the PS (by answering one of the appropriate questions associated with it), the writer insults teenager by saying they have negative attitudes and poor behavior. Red Herring (the hidden ammunition) an argument in which the writer introduces an irrelevant point * Another way that illegal immigrants contribute to the economy is by working. Despite doing back-breaking work, many of the immigrants are barely paid minimum wage.People who hire illegal immigrants can pay them lower wages than a regular U. S. worker because the illegal immigrant has no rights. Employers who hire illegal immigrants know they can save money if they hire them, and they kno w the immigrants will not tell anyone because of the fear of being deported. The writer has lost his/her focus. The topic sentence specifies that the illegal immigrant workers contribute to the economy. Thus, readers will expect to see the different ways that the workers do that (e. g. , the jobs they obtain and HOW those jobs contribute to the economy, perhaps the goods they buy and HOW they contribute to the economy). However, the writer spends the entire paragraph focusing on how the illegal immigrant workers are unfairly treated. Their unfair treatment has nothing to do with their contribution to the economy.

Medication Administration Safety

The 2013 National Patient Safety Goals Standards (NPSGS) avow that at certain points in the wellness c be litigate, a bump is present for error. Even a single error represents the put on the line of upright harm to the forbearing, with attendant negative consequences for the health explosive charge professional winding in the error. The NPSGS get under ones skin been established to present procedural guardguards against the possibility of these errors. If the safeguards argon consistently followed, the take chances of errors will decline, with benefits to endurings and health burster professionals as well.The adjoin of prescribing and dispensing medical specialty to patients comprises a critical juncture in patient bid. The process involves a number of risk points during which errors can occur. The NPSGS establish procedural safeguards in order to harbor patients from medicine judicial system errors. The standards also serve to protect health safeguard personnel from the personal and professional consequences of making much(prenominal) errors. The NPSGS for medicine administration involve suggestations for the following risk points medicinal drug reconciliation, comely identification of a patient prior to dispensing medication, and correct labeling of medication in one case it has been take from its original encase.Medication reconciliation is an weighty patient safety issue. expiation involves obtaining teaching on all in all the medications that a patient is winning, and making legitimate that no duplication, incorrect prescriptions or conflicting prescriptions exist in the reheel of medicines. Many patients take more than one medication, and administration of medication to these patients is a good deal complex. In order to rid of health complications from errors in medication administration, it is important that a clinician compare the medications that a patient is already receiving with new medications that micturate been ordered for the patient (The enounce Commission, 2012a, p. 2).Reconciliation of medication is done to keep discrepancies in the prescriptions for a patient. Discrepancies in medication administration can have an ill effect on patient health outcomes. Discrepancies in themedications for a patient whitethorn involve duplication of medicines, omission of urgencyed medications, undesirable interactions in the midst of medications, or the conduct for a decision by a clinician regarding whether to overlay a medication (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2). Clinicians use specific instruction to render discrepancies. This may include the report of the medication, the dosage, the frequency of use (even if only cursory or as needed), the route used to administer the medication much(prenominal) as oral vs. intravenous, and the reason for use (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2).A second risk point for patients during medication administration involves coordination of reading b etween health headache providers regarding the medications used by a patient. Once again, a patient may be victorious numerous medications, and when a patient is admitted to a care facility or visits a clinic, this information is important for planning care. Gaps in this information can final result in medication administration errors. The NSPGS recommend coordinating medication information between health care providers during the pitch contour of a patient within and away of a health care organization in order to perform medication reconciliation (PC.02.02.01).For example, when a patient is admitted to a hospital, it is important that the complete disceptation of medications that they are taking is available to the admitting health care professionals. If the patient has been treated by physicians outside the hospital and has been prescribed medication by them, the admitting health care professionals need this information. The NSPGS also advises that health care professionals provide patients with education on the safe use of medications, especially if they are discharged from the care facility.The NSPGS reminds care providers that patients need to be reminded that if one of their prescriptions is changed by a care provider, all other(a) care providers should be informed of the change (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2). New necessity in the NSPGS state that health care personnel are without delay required to inform the patient about the importance of keeping this information updated.Clinicians must know whether a patient is taking medication, and which ones they are taking in order to plan the best care, and to provide appropriate handling and services (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2). The patient must be reminded of their ownduty to inform care providers of which medications they take, and of changes to the medications.There are five goals stated within the NSPGS regarding medication reconciliation. These are 1) to obtain and/or update medicatio n information for the patient upon admission, or during the first point of contact. The list of medications that the patient has been taking at home should be compared with those that have been recently ordered for the patient. Any discrepancies should be immediately resolved by a clinician. This information should be stored in a list format that is easily accessible to other clinicians.The list should include medications that are taken only as needed as well as those taken according to a schedule. Yet patients are frequently unable to communicate this information clearly due to indisposition or other handicaps. Since it is often difficult to obtain this information from a patient, the NSPGS nones that a good faith effort will be considered adequate. 2) To tell on certain that health care facilities define requirements regarding patient medication administration. The health care facility should clearly define the type of medication administration information that will be obtaine d according to various settings and circumstances. This type of information includes name of drug, dosage, route, frequency of use, and purpose.3) A qualified clinician should compare medications currently cosmos administered to the patient with new ones that are ordered in order to detect discrepancies. 4) When the patient leaves a health care setting such as a hospital, to provide the patient or caregiver (such as family) with scripted information regarding medication that should be taken. 5) Inform the patient of the importance of managing their medication information so that it is updated as changes in prescriptions occur (The Joint Commission, 2012a, p. 2).Another risk point of medication administration involves giving medication to the falsely patient. face of medication to the wrong patient isan error that can occur in any stage of diagnosis or treatment. In order to avoid these medication errors, the NPSGS recommend the use of at least two patient identifiers when adminis tering medication. For messed patients, the correct identifiers to use are the patient name printed on band, and the account number of medical record number, which is also printed on the band (Compau, 2013, p. 16).Since the patients room number or location is not an adequate identifier, it may not be used for this purpose (The Joint Commission, 2012b, p. 1). In health care setting such as clinics, a patient may not be banded. For non-banded patients in a clinical environment, the process for proper identification includes asking the patient to state their name and date of birth (Compau, 2013, p. 16).Of equal importance, the NPSGS recommend that all medications that have been removed from the original packaging be labeled. These include all medication containers such as basins, syringes, and medicine cups. Medications that are transferred to containers that are unlabeled comprise a safety hazard. This action leaves a margin for error that may result in tragic consequences for the pa tient. It is not enough for a health care provider to assume that they know what is in the container (The Joint Commission, 2012b, p. 3). A stereotyped pen and label must be used to mark all solutions (Compau, 2013, p. 23).Labeling must be done whenever a medication is transferred from the original packaging to another container. This is done so that even in a sprightly medical environment, with several health care professionals at work, the possibility of administering the wrong medication to a patient is reduced. Even in a procedural setting where only one medication is being used, the medication must be labeled if it is removed from original packaging and is not press release to be administered immediately. This protects the patient by reducing the risk of error to a minimum.If an unlabeled container holding medication is found, it must be discarded immediately, as a safety precaution. It is not appropriate for any health care provider to assume that they know what is in the c ontainer. Discarding the medication eliminates the risk that the medication is something other than what may be assumed. Further, even medication containers that are clearly labeled must be removed anddiscarded, along with the contents, when a subroutine is done (The Joint Commission, 2012b, p. 3).The NSPGS address the risk factors that are inherent in providing the highest standard of medical care for patients. The standards that address administering medication to patients are designed to reduce the likelihood of human error or lack of information from harming a patient. At certain points in the process of giving medication to a patient, the likelihood of errors rises. As the result of careful analysis of how the medication administration process is conducted, and how errors occur and have already caused harm to patients, the NSPGS have established the current safeguards.