Howard Schultz view of the possibilities for the fledgling specialty coffee market

Faith Healing Essays

Faith Healing Essays Faith Healing Essay Faith Healing Essay Faith healing Is thoroughly based on what Is believed religiously by a certain individual, the patient and what level of faith they have. Faith is an action word, it means doing or believing in the impossible. Such as, moving mountains, saving a persons life, or believing in miracles. James writes in the Bible, For as the body apart from the split is dead, so also faith apart from works Is dead. (1 ) Here what James Is stating is, if one has faith but doesnt do things to prove it, or show it, then its pointless. That faith is dead. Real faith is performed by believing in what is unseen, but more than Just believing has to be done here. Even Satan believes, but he has no works. He lives in hell, and tortures those who dont choose to live with Jesus In eternity. Faith Healing started back before the earliest records, it took place even in the Medieval Times. In those times, royalty was brought to the king and he was believed to have to power to heal through a touching motion. In todays time, there have been numerous reports of miracle cures. : Faith Is described as a powerful gift from God, out of the many gifts given from Him. In the book of Matthew, he writes He replied, Because you have so little faith, Truly I tell you, if you have faith as small as a mustard seed, you can say to this mountain, Move from here to there,and it will move. Nothing will be Impossible. (2) This verse shows Just how mighty the word faith really Is. A mustard seed Is about one or two millimeters In diameter, compare that to a pin dot made on the tip of a human finger. It is so powerful that if one had only have that much faith, that mountains could be move. How phenomenal is that? Body: Faith healing is Patients of faith are normally happy, they dont complain about hardly anything, they have a smile on their faces, they are Joyful, and usually have numerous visitors during the day. They stay happy no matter what the circumstances are, because one way or another, they know for sure that everything will In turn be okay. These patients bless the nurses and doctors taking care of them because it is so easy to tell how thankful they are for the work being done. In the book, Heaven is For Real, authors Lynn Vincent and Todd Burro write a small segment about this man who Is on his death bed, and knows he wont last much longer. Instead of letting himself be so down, and crying; every time a nurse or visitor would approach his room, they could see his bright smile as soon as they pushed through the door of his hospital room. He was not so down, and negative because he knew where he was going. He had faith that he would see all of his family again someday, and that he was going home to be with his Lord and savior. He was not worried about a thing. (3) Patients who lack faith, they are not pleasant to be around simply because they are always downing themselves, and everyone around them. They are very negative patients to work with. They never smile, they are always complaining, and it takes something very special to bring happiness and Joy to their face. Rarely do they have visitor, and they are Just ready to die, because they have no faith that they just might make it, and be cured of their disease. In the Bible, Psalms talks about the healing of I OFF hem from their distress. He sent forth his word and healed them; he rescued them from the grave. (4) Moses writes of a grand example of Faith Healing. The people of the Lord prayed to Him while they were sick or in trouble. He healed them immediately. Faith is a way of healing, a treatment of medicine with the efficient power of prayer and hope. Praying for healing power, from the healing hand of God is very important in the process of Faith Healing. Prayer holds importance in all religions other than Christianity. The power of prayer is unstoppable, it has the rower to seek and find what is in Gods plan for an individuals life. Having the faith to ask God to be healed, and believing in Him that He will answer, and respond to His request is an example of having faith. That is an experience pastors go through each day in the halls of hospitals. One of the roles of being a pastor is visiting church members in the hospital. Some pastors go from door to door on top of only visiting church members. They make several trips to hospitals each week, putting many miles on their vehicles, because of the care they have for their church members. There are also pastors that go to every patients room in the hospital to share the gospel and pray with them. In the Islamic religion, praying is a central element that is practiced and worshiped. The folks of this religion have five times a day that they pray. In the book of Quern, it expresses how important prayer is to Islamic people. And I have chosen you, so listen to that which is inspired to you. Verily, I am God! There is none worthy of worship but l, so worship Me and offer prayer perfectly for My remembrance. God says here that they are to pray to him, this is a very strict religion. (6) In the Buddhist religion, they have prayer wheels. Prayer wheels are hollow cylinders or metal attached to a rod or small pole. They are very beautifully designed on the outside, and come in many sizes. The prayer wheel also represent the Wheel of the Law, which was brought to motion by Buddha. The wheel spins, and by spinning it means Just as much to them as reciting or reading their sacred scripts aloud. Some of the wheels have sacred texts close by on paper or sometimes on animals skin. (7) Buddhist are very religious, they have many rituals and practices they maintain on a Journey to enlightenment. One of the popular practices is meditation. The practice of meditation is central to nearly all forms of Buddhism, and it derives directly from the Buddha experiences and teachings. Meditation is the central focus of Zen Buddhism and the only way to liberation in Tetrahedral Buddhism. The Zen of Faith is when one is stubborn and wont admit to believing in anything supernatural. An example of the Zen of Faith, Master Banker states, My oracle is that when Im hungry, I eat, and when I am tired, I sleep. Zen students are to have great faith, great doubt, and also great determination. (8) Giving examples of each of these religions displays how, even though their beliefs may vary and may worship different things; they still pray and they have faith. There is no scientific proof that Faith Healing can actually take place or any evidence that if can heal cancer or any disease. If its believed in, and prayed upon, anything can happen. Faith Healing does help with stress levels, pain relief, anxiety, and also plays a costive role in enhancing a persons will to live. Proven facts state that Hospitalized people who never attended church have an average stay of three times longer than people who attended regularly. Heart patients were 14 times more likely to die rarely attended church had a stroke rate double that of people who attended regularly. In Israel, religious people had a 40% lower death rate from cardiovascular disease and cancer. All of these facts thoroughly contribute to Faith Healing, and helping to trust that it is efficient.

Financial Crisis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Crisis Paper - Essay Example It is a result of improper policies implemented in the financial system which gives birth to numerous micro and macro economic problems. These reasons have varying severity and have affected the global economies of the world. The recent recession has webbed the entire global economies into its victimization and caused severe distress among both, developed and under-developed countries of the world. Recent economic crisis has paved way for inequality across many nations and has had a dampening impact upon their financial position. This crisis has led to other severe crises and it is matter of global concern. Economists believe that the deregulations of 1980s are the major root causes for the recent financial crisis which is likely to bring an end to free market economics. Reagan administration initiated liberalization, which brought about breakdowns in series due to which the government intervened and ultimately the structure destroyed the whole financial system. The Financial Crisis In 2008, the global market collapsed, The Bush administration figured out that only government intervention could save the companies whose failure could fetch destructive reactions. American Insurance Group (AIG) and Fannie Mae and Freddie Macare are those two giants which suffered from this crisis. The companies had come to this point of crisis because free market had allowed them to make investments due to which the institutions were posed to risks. Millions of people in America lost their jobs and had their savings bushed. A number of factors have been blamed for this crisis but economists believe that free market is the very basic factor amongst all. Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz wrote in his book Freefall that market fundamentalists and deregulators are responsible for the mess. The situation showed that free-market economists failed and market fundamentalists were responsible for the economic crunch (Sorman 2010). The economy of United States of America witnessed only a few m inor recessions each for a short period of time. Those recessions did not stir the economy enough to cause economists to develop a well descriptive recession model. With no major recessions over a long time, the economists tend to believe that the crisis may not happen. The model derived by free market economists was running a healthy economy from 80s to 2008 making economists believe that the model may not turn the situation upside down (Sorman 2010). The free market economists argue that it is the recession that prompted the financial crisis and not the other way around. Economists believe that recession began in 2007 when consumer spending decreased, overdue borrowing increased and lack of interest of homeowners in their mortgaged houses increased. They claim that the failure of financial derivatives were not the cause of financial turmoil as they were helping in the stabilization of the economy. Economists assume that due to a sudden economic downfall government faced pressure f rom political and non political forces to take immediate steps. This led to government spending and its intervention in the scenario which seemed quite logical at that time. The situation worsened with new public debts and regulations which stumbled upon the recovery of the economy (Sorman 2010; Bordo et al 2010). The economy could be recoiled in a quicker way if government had allowed enterprises to

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Global Warming - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is Global Warming as a constant problem. We have to turn off greenhouse gases now in order to avoid catastrophe in decades to come. If global temperatures rise by four degrees by century’s end, sea levels will rise five to six meters due to the melting of our polar ice caps. It’s time to connect the dots from those remote Arctic regions to our cities, towns, and backyards. Let’s consider what the future might look like if global warming continues unchecked. According to recent studies Americans rank climate change as the country’s most critical environmental problem. Current observations of global warming related data have solidified the speculation that it is positively an enhanced greenhouse effect that is causing the world to warm. The planet has experienced the biggest increase in surface temperature over the last century. Between 2003 and 2006, the Earth’s average surface temperature rose between 0.6 to 0.9 de grees Celsius; the last 50 years saw the temperature increase rate almost doubling. Sea levels have shown a rise of about 0.17 meters during the twentieth century. Low-lying coastal regions, with thick population, are especially susceptible to climate shifts, with the poorer countries and small island nations having the hardest time adapting. It has been estimated that by 2080, 13 to 88 million people around the world would lose their home to floods. This research will demonstrate that there are numerous opinions on the causes of climate change. Are they manmade or natural? Global warming is a convoluted subject. It’s easy to get confused by all the scientific arguments and conflicting claims. The purpose of this research is to attempt to get the scientific community to agree that global warming related variables can be combated more efficiently with better cooperation. Take politics, economics, greed, and self interests of various governments out of the debate and merely foc us on the facts, and labeling the problem whatever you desire, can and will support worldwide comprehensive improvements. Problem Statement: Global Warming is a constant problem. We have to turn off greenhouse gases now in order to avoid catastrophe in decades to come. If global temperatures rise by four degrees by century’s end, sea levels will rise five to six meters due to the melting of our polar ice caps. It’s time to connect the dots from those remote Arctic regions to our cities, towns, and backyards. Let’s consider what the future might look like if global warming continues unchecked. Rationale for the Research: This is an issue that is approached very differently by the scientific community. This topic could affect all living organisms, the environment not just in the United States, but the entire world. From 2003 to

Talent Management Strategic Plan Talent for Candlelight. Inc Essay

Talent Management Strategic Plan Talent for Candlelight. Inc - Essay Example The gaps that need to be filled in the company’s HRM include motivation of employees, retention, training, and development, and commitment.This involves an analysis of where the organization is now, and where it should be in future in terms of talent management. The gaps that need to be filled in the company’s HRM include motivation of employees, retention, training, and development, and commitment.4. Develop Internal Talent PoolsDeveloping internal talent pools enhances employee retention and commitment and reduces employee turnover. It involves training and development, motivation through compensation and rewards, and creating work-life balance.5. Attracting and Building External talent to replace those employees who have left, the company should attract experienced, qualified and committed employees. One of the mechanisms to do that is to build the image of the company and an employer brand that can attract the best talent. Diversity should also be considered. To bui ld external talent, the company should also engage students who are still undergoing their studies through internship programs.  6. Building Organizational CultureThe company should also build on elements of organizational culture and work environment to enhance employee satisfaction and retention.  7. Assessing and Evaluating Performance  After all the above have been done, the company should measure the results of the talent management program and communicate the successes and failures encountered (Newfoundland and Labrador, 2008).

The Impact Of Effective Leadership

The Impact Of Effective Leadership Abstract Purpose This study helps us to determine how sales managers leadership style impacts their subordinates organizational work performance on routine tasks as well as on work unit projects. The study will further help the managers to adapt their leadership styles in order to enhance subordinates work performance, and consequently increase overall efficiency of the organization. Academically, this compilation will provide additional insights into the leadership field by contributing to the future development of this study area. Design/methodology/approach Leadership styles and work performance will be measured by a self formulated questionnaire after assessing their reliability and validity. A total of 200 respondents (middle managers with their respective subordinates) working in oil companies of Lahore, Pakistan will be surveyed in the study. Significance of the study By applying the results in practice, managers can adjust their leadership style to facilitate their subordinates to yield high work performance, whereas the human resource management function of oil companies can integrate these results for further enhancing leadership development in their organization. Originality/value This paper is the first attempt to understand the influence of transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles on work performances of subordinates in the oil industry of Pakistan. Introduction Effective leadership is a driving force for the accomplishment of organizational goals and leadership behavior is an important variable having significant impact on the success of project management (Gharehbaghi and McManus, 2003). Enshassi and Burgess (1991) studied the relationship between leadership styles of several managers and their effectiveness in the Middle East. They found a strong association between managers style and their effectiveness. The high task and high employee orientation style is the most effective style in managing multi-cultural workforces. Managers need to be friendly, accessible, and understanding of their subordinates personalities and requirements with all employees on a project. In addition, they have to be task oriented in order to have control over the process of the work and achieve the target. In the real world there are many subordinates are facing problems which impact their work performances which can be traced to the leadership practices adopted by their respective supervisors. Some of these subordinates may have insufficient competencies or their traits may not fit with the nature of their work or in many cases the supervisor also tend to use inappropriate leadership styles in dealing with their subordinates at various points of times. Superior performance that helps the organization to achieve organizational goals is the prime aim of effective leadership. To achieve superior performance from subordinates, Supervisors must make use of appropriate leadership styles. They should also recognize their subordinates individual needs and their future career goals. Leadership research in oil companies can give us insight on work performance and its impact on companies routinely project outcomes. Appropriate leadership approach can shape subordinates performance in a desirable way and facilitate managerial projects to go smoothly. In addition, adopting suitable leadership approach will create subordinate satisfaction. Satisfied subordinates are likely to put much effort into their work. This study explores the actual leadership styles of few oil companies of, Pakistan and examines the relationships between: Leadership styles on work performance The purpose is to determine What is the most appropriate leadership style for Pakistani Supervisors in this modern time? Once the right leadership style has been identified, applying the style in practice should lead to efficiency in subordinates work performance, and consequently benefit these supervisors who are ultimately responsible for the success of achieving and exceeding sale quotas and other managerial projects. The right leadership style should be able to push subordinates to complete assignments timely and correctly while at the same time, bringing out the best in them. Lastly, professional respect and commitment to the Organization is additional benefits that may accrue through effective leadership Leadership and work performance Leadership can be described in terms of the power, position, personality, authority and responsibility, mostly used as a facilitation process to achieve a goal. Therefore, the definition of leadership used in the present study is the process is defines as (act) of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement (Stogdill, 1950) Statement of the problem This study aims at analyzing the relationship of three Leadership Styles i.e. Laissez-faire, Transformational and Transactional leadership styles and subordinates work performance in the marketing and sales departments of various oil and gas companies operating in Pakistan. The study will take into account the effect of the 9 leadership behaviors i.e. idealized influence (attributed), idealized influence (behavioral), intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, contingent reward, management-by-exception (active), management-by-exception (passive) and laissez-faire (no leadership) on the 7 work performance variables i.e. quality of work, quantity of work, creativity in problem solving, team work, discipline, dependable And overall job satisfaction Significance of the problem This study helps us to understand how marketing and sales managers leadership styles and affect their subordinates organizational work performance on various managerial projects.By applying the results in practice, managers can adjust their Leadership style to facilitate their subordinates to yield high work performance, whereas the human resource management function of oil companies can integrate these results for further enhancing leadership development in their organization. Objectives of the study 1) To what extent are these leadership styles present at the managerial level in these departments 2) To determine any relationship, if it exists, between a particular leadership style of sales/ marketing managers/supervisors and its subordinate perceived job performance and/or job satisfaction Scope of the Study The study aimed at answering the following research questions: Q1. Which is leadership style (laissez-faire, transactional or transformational) is present in the organization? Q2. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and greater quality of work from the subordinate? Q3. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and greater quantity of work from the subordinate? Q4. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher creativity in problem solving of the subordinate? Q5. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher level of discipline in the subordinate? Q6. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher dependability in the subordinate? Q7. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher teamwork in the subordinate? Q8. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and overall satisfaction in the subordinate? Q9. What is the between transactional leadership style and greater quality of work from the subordinate? Q10. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and greater quantity of work from the subordinate? Q11. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and higher creativity in problem solving of the subordinate? Q12. What is the relationship transactional between leadership style and higher level of discipline in the subordinate? Q13. What is the relationship transactional between leadership style and higher dependability in the subordinate? Q14. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and higher teamwork in the subordinate? Q15. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and overall satisfaction in the subordinate? Q16. What is the between Laissez-faire leadership style and greater quality of work from the subordinate? Q17. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and greater quantity of work from the subordinate? Q18. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and higher creativity in problem solving of the subordinate? Q19. What is the relationship Laissez-faire between leadership style and higher level of discipline in the subordinate? Q20. What is the relationship Laissez-faire between leadership style and higher dependability in the subordinate? Q21. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and higher teamwork in the subordinate? Q22. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and overall satisfaction in the subordinate? Definition of major terms and formation of the questionnaire Effective Leadership The present study uses effective leadership approach to identify the leadership style of middle management. In this approach, leadership is conceptualized by the behavioral areas from laissez-faire style (non-leadership), through transactional leadership (which hinges on reward system and punishments), to transformational leadership (which is based on inspiration and behavioral charisma) (Bass and Avolio, 1993). The various components are now elaborated. Laissez-faire style. An avoidant leader may either not intervene in the work affairs of subordinates or may completely avoid responsibilities as a superior and is unlikely to put in effort to build a relationship with them. Laissez-faire style is associated with dissatisfaction, unproductiveness and ineffectiveness (Deluga, 1992). Transactional style. Transactional leaders focus mainly on the physical and the security needs of subordinates. The relationship that evolves between the leader and the follower is based on bargaining exchange or reward systems (Bass, 1985; Bass and Avolio, 1993). Transformational style. Transformational leader encourages subordinates to put in extra effort and to go beyond what they (subordinates) expected before (Burns, 1978). The subordinates of transformational leaders feel trust, admiration, loyalty, and respect toward leaders and are motivated to perform extra-role behaviors (Bass, 1985; Katz and Kahn, 1978).Transformational leaders achieve the greatest performance from subordinates since they are able to inspire their subordinates to raise their capabilities for success and develop subordinates innovative problem solving skills (Bass, 1985; Yammarino and Bass, 1990).This leadership style has also been found to lead to higher levels of organizational commitment and is associated with business unit performance (Barling et al., 1996). The following discussions on leadership factors and leadership outcomes are extracted from Bass and Avolios (2004) MLQ manual. Leadership factors The leadership factors used to measure transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership style in this study are from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass and Avolio based on the theory of Transformational leadership. They are: (1) Laissez-faire factor: The non-leadership. Leaders in this type will always avoid getting involved when important issues arise and avoid making decisions. (2) Transactional leadership factors: Contingent reward. This factor is based on a bargaining exchange system in which the leader and subordinates agree together to accomplish the organizational goals and the leader will provide rewards to them. Leaders must clarify the expectations and offer recognition when goals are achieved. Management-by-exception (active). The leader specifies the standards for compliance, as well as what constitutes ineffective performance, and may punish subordinates for being out of compliance with those standards. This style of leadership implies closely monitoring for mistakes, and errors and then taking corrective action as quickly as needed. Management-by-exception (passive). Passive leaders avoid specifying agreements, clarifying expectations and standards to be achieved by subordinates, but will intervene when specific problems become apparent. This style does not respond to situations and problems systematically. (3) Transformational leadership factors: Idealized influence charisma. This factor consists of firstly, idealized influence attributed, and secondly, idealized influence behavioral. They are the charismatic elements in which leaders become role models who are trusted by subordinates. The leaders show great persistence and determination in the pursuit of objectives, show high standards of ethical, principles, and moral conduct, sacrifice self-gain for the gain of others, consider subordinates needs over their own needs and share successes and risks with subordinates. Inspirational motivation. Leaders behave in ways that motivate subordinates by providing meaning and challenge to their work. The spirit of the team is aroused while enthusiasm and optimism are displayed. The leader encourages subordinates to envision attractive future states while communicating expectations and demonstrating a commitment to goals and a shared vision. Intellectual stimulation. Leaders stimulate their subordinates efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways. The intellectually stimulating leader encourages subordinates to try new approaches but emphasizes rationality. Individualized consideration. Leaders build a considerate relationship with each individual, pay attention to each individuals need for achievement and growth by acting as a coach or mentor, developing subordinates in a supportive climate to higher levels of potential. Individual differences in terms of needs and desires are recognized. Work performance The success of a project is usually stated in terms of meeting three major objectives: completion on time, completion within budget, completion at the desired level of quality or technical specification (Tukel and Rom, 2001; Xiao and Proverbs, 2003).Atkinson (1999) called these three criteria the iron triangle or golden triangle. In this study, the performance levels of subordinate were measured in the direction which would support the success of meeting deadlines achieving sales targets and completion of various other managerial projects. Thus they were measured from firstly, work quantity (achievement compared with the planned schedule), and secondly, work quality (fit with the desire level of supervisory requirement). In addition, when working in the organization on various projects, people have to coordinate and work together as a team hence teamwork and work disciplines are the important qualities they should occupy (Sanvido et al., 1992; Nguyen et al., 2004). Besides, meeting w ith various customers nature is a daily operation where unpredictable problems occur regularly, creativity in problem solving and the level of dependability on handling routine work and new assignments is an essential quality that the subordinates must posses (Nguyen et al., 2004; Nitithamyong and Tan, 2007). Thus these performance aspects needing to be measured from subordinates include: work quantity, work quality, dependability, team work; creativity in problem solving, work discipline and overall job satisfaction. Together, the seven are used as measures of work performance. The samples There is no list of routinely managerial work projects of oil and gas companies of Pakistan, therefore a non-probability sampling incorporating snowball technique will be adopted selecting 25 qualified Areas Sales Managers (supervisors) and 175 sales manager(subordinates) Research instrument A questionnaire survey was adopted for collecting data because of its advantage in yielding responses in standard format from a large number of respondents and the benefit of collecting data from respondents from geographically dispersed locations. The measurements adopted in the questionnaires are: Effective Leadership styles in this research will be measured by studying the definitions as given by Bass and Avolios (2004) in their multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) Form 5X. and then formulating a questionnaire on leadership style. 2 statements are used to measure each behavior therefore a total of 18 statements of Likert scale are self formulated. The measurement required sales managers to rate each statement on a five-point rating scale ranging from strongly disagree to Strongly agree based on their experience with their supervisor. Work performance. A rating tool was devised for Area Sales Managers (supervisors) to evaluate their subordinates work performance. The measurement required Area Sales Managers to rate each statement on a five-point rating scale ranging from strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree based on their experience with the subordinates. Statements focused on 7 components of subordinates work performance as discussed previously. Literature Review According to Mustapha and Naoum (1998), team management style (9, 9) was chosen by all high performing managers as their preferred management style. The finding further showed a significant association between the level of authority given to the managers and their level of effectiveness. High performing managers were given higher authority than moderate performing ones. Odusami et al. (2003) concluded that there was significant relationship between the project leaders professional qualification, his leadership style, team composition and overall project performance. The most appropriate leadership style identified in their research is consultative autocrat which is similar to team management used in Mustapha and Naoums (1998) study. Other group of scholars explained that leadership behaviour is culturally determined and different from culture to culture. (Burger and Bass, 1979; Lok and Crawford, 2004). National culture can produce statistically significant moderating effects on the impact of leadership on outcomes, subordinates performance, expectations, organizational commitment and job satisfaction are vary from country to country because of the dissimilarity in cultures as well (Al-Meer, 1989; Hofstede, 1991). Besides, some scholars have conducted the research on the relationship between leadership and its outcomes such as satisfaction, work performance, commitment and their result showed the positive association between them (Euske and Jackson, 1980; Savery, 1994). Therefore, it can be assumed that the variations in leadership styles and individuals preferences are influences from cultures variations would lead to differences in outcomes. Yukongdi (2004) revealed that the most preferred management style by t he employees was consultative management, followed by participative, paternalistic, while the least proportion of employees preferred an autocratic manager. Employees who perceived their managers to be more democratic also reported a higher level of influence in decision making, greater satisfaction with participation, and job satisfaction. Numerous scholars have provided evidence contradicting the above. For instance; Kumbanaruk (1987) observed that employees are accustomed to a tradition of a top-down approach with employees receiving orders rather than thinking by themselves and expressing their own ideas. Thai culture is characterised by a tight hierarchical social system, accepted existential inequality and a strong value of relationships (Komin, 1990). Kumbanaruk (1987) and Komin (1990) suggested that employees might feel uncomfortable working in a participative work setting. Involvement in decision-making may bring unwanted responsibilities to subordinates (Rohitratana, 1998) . Thai culture, long time ago, does not encourage subordinates to dare to make mistakes, nor to take initiative but favour avoiding taking risks, because risk means bringing on more uncertain situations and increasing responsibilities (Holmes and Tangtongtavy, 1995). Therefore, it seems reasonable to reveal that working under a participative leader may not necessarily lead to greater job satisfaction among some employees. Hofstede (1980) remarked that in countries in which most employees are afraid to disagree with their managers (high power distance countries); subordinates prefer managers spread across the autocratic or paternalistic styles. Consequently, it is logical to predict that a larger proportion of such employees will prefer either an autocratic or paternalistic manager, while fewer employees would prefer a consultative manager. According to Lok and Crawford (2004), it was expected that higher initiating structure leadership style would provide greater commitment and job satisfaction in Asian firms whereas, higher consideration leadership style would provide greater commitment and job satisfaction in a western firm. Brown (2003) summarised the concept of task-oriented and relation-oriented leadership from several scholars in his research. He revealed that task oriented leadership have included initiating structure; concern with production; autocratic; achievement oriented; goal-achieving include contingent reward; management by exception (active) and management by exception (passive). Relations oriented leadership, or consideration consists of idealized influence (attributed); idealized influence (behavior); individualized consideration; intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation. According to Burns (1978), transactional leadership is the fundamental of one person taking the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of valued things or bargaining process. It involves rewards and Punishments. Transactional lea ders must identify and clarify to subordinates about the setting role, task requirements, performance expectations and the distribution of rewards and punishment according to performance (Bass, 1985) whereas transformational leadership occurs when leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality. The transformational leader exhibits charisma, develops a vision, provides inspiration, motivates by creating high expectations and modeling appropriate behaviors, gives consideration to the individual, pays personal attention to followers, provides intellectual stimulation, and challenges followers with new ideas and approaches (Burns, 1978). From the foregoing, transactional leadership is akin to initiating structure or task orientation whereas the transformational style is similar to consideration or relations orientation. Brazier (2005) indicated that organic or flatter structures type of organization with decentralized decision making and low power di stance of most Western firms tends to facilitate a more transformational leadership style while bureaucratic structures with high power distance and high collectivism of Asian firms encourage a more transactional style. Besides, the relationship between organizational commitment and work performance has also been examined by Mowday et al. (1974) and their result indicated that these two variables are positively linked to each other whereas Porter and Steers (1973) found positive relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Therefore, a transactional leader is capable of facilitating the formation of a group which performs at higher commitment and work performance level to the organization in the Asian context or eastern background. Hypothesis Development I therefore hypothesized the following for Pakistan: H0. There is no leadership approach present in the organization H1. There is no relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and work performance of the subordinate H2. There is no relationship between transactional leadership style and work performance of the subordinate H3. There is no relationship between transformational leadership style work performance of the subordinate The focus of this research is on leadership styles and their effects on subordinates work performance. Data on leadership style shall be gathered from the subordinate group whereas supervisors will be providing data on their subordinates work performance level based on their judgment. The sales and marketing departments of oil companies mainly multinationals operating in Pakistan usually have one area sales manager who receives direct instructions from the national sales manager at the same time supervises 5 to 8 sales officers (subordinates). Thus, there are direct contacts and relationships between area sales managers and his subordinates. Therefore, sales officers, as direct subordinates of the Area Sales Managers are chosen as the respondents to provide data on the leadership styles and personal competencies of their Area Sales Managers. On the other hand, Area Sales Managers provided data on the work performance of their direct subordinates. The Job description of Area sales manager is managing portfolios, developing a customer base necessary to meet all forecasts and budgets, aligning the number of distributors in the territory by strategic consolidation to increase companies ROI, articulating year on year sales forecasts for procurements at supply chain which helps in minimizing warehousing costs, developing trade promotions scheme for distributors to enhance brand image and sales volume, in close coordination with the brand team, working as a point of contact for customers which ensures smooth business transactions at all levels, keeping close follow ups with all team members prospecting for new business, preparing and presenting proposals and maintaining existing relationships. Thus, it is necessary that both Supervisors and their subordinates are qu alified to be selected for data collection. This reduces the potential bias. The top oil companies of Pakistan were identified and a full set of questionnaires (one for the Area Sales Managers and four to eight for subordinates) were then sent to each qualified work unit with the covering letter explaining the objectives of the study and assuring respondents of confidentiality and urging them to participate in the study.

The Color Red in American Beauty Essay -- essays papers

The Color Red in American Beauty "The beauty that addresses itself to the eyes is only the spell of the moment; the eye of the body is not always that of the soul." George Sand hit the nail right on the head when he said this in 1872. Appearance versus reality has been a central theme in many American creative works including the film American Beauty. American Beauty is a film that delves into your typical, middle-class suburban American home and slowly uncovers all of the abnormalities that lie within. The family is portrayed as normal but as the films tag line suggests "look closer" then it is possible to fully understand the implications that takes place in this seemingly happy home. The film is masterfully directed by the famous theater director Sam Mendes and encompasses a great number of cinematic techniques that appear fresh and exciting. Critics have mentioned many of these techniques. However, they failed to notice the clever use of color used throughout the film--especially the color red. Sam Mendes e ffectively uses the color red; as a central motif to accentuate mood and theme, to contrast families, and to reveal characters personalities and feelings. In American culture red is a color of various meanings and images. The color red is the essence of life; it is the color of blood. It can insinuate energy, vitality, passion, anger, power, excitement, and sacrifice. It is a grounding color. Red can stand for warmth, danger, love, sex, death, rage, lust, and beauty. Red is the color used for the women's clothing, the cars, the doors and also it is the color of Lester's blood splattered across the white table at the end of the movie. Red is the central motif of the film. Sam Mendes incorporated many of these meaning of red within the film American Beauty, Not only did Sam Mendes implant a motif of red, he also incorporated a motif of the red rose. Roses in American culture are the ultimate symbol of love, life and death. Flowers are a large part of the American culture. They have come to symbolize compassion, caring and love. The beauty of roses are superceded with danger, for they have thorns that can prick. Roses epitomize bea uty; perhaps that is why they chose the title American Beauty. The title American Beauty is a hodgepodge of symbolism; it encompasses a variety of meanings. For the viewer it can stand for the American beauty rose... ...aroline. Jane and Ricky are important too, they are the more grounded of the characters, they are both presented in neutral colors throughout most of the film. They represent balance and neutrality in the movie. Ricky's parents are not so neutral; they are dressed in pale, washed out colors to show their lack of vitality. Especially Mrs. Fritt's, she plays a minor role in the movie and that is precisely the point Sam Mendes makes. She is seen as a minor role in the family. She is usually wearing a long white nightgown and appears almost as a ghost in the picture, t her family, she barely exists. American Beauty is a fantastic film that encourages viewers to "look closer." Sam Mendes directed a film about American Beauty and foolish things that Americans do to keep up with appearances. He is urging us to find beauty in our lives, and to forget about having the perfect garden and home. He effectively uses the color red; as a central motif to accentuate mood and theme, to contrast families, and to reveal characters personalities and feelings. "Mere colour, unspoiled by meaning, and unallied with definite form, can speak to the soul in a thousand different ways."--Oscar Wilde

Behaviorally Disordered or Socially Maladjusted

Write a brief explanation of factors to be taken into consideration when assessing and determining whether a student is behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted. When we are assessing a child to determine if a behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted we must notice problems such as the child staying on task or trying to focus. A child might also be getting low grades when we know they are capable to complete their work.Children that are behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted can have problems including attention deficit problems, problems with certain teachers, emotional disturbance, depression, anxiety, and environmental factors from the child’s home. Observation is used to try to understand and be aware of factors that might be influencing a child’s behavior. We must do observations of a specific situation, various settings, and different times of day. The observer has target behaviors that they record throughout the observation.Four of the most common recordings are anecdotal recording, even recording, latency recording, and duration recording. By doing observations we should be able to provide the behaviors we are frequently seeing, information that might relate to services a child might be needing, information that can help form intervention plans and goals, and an understanding of the child’s abilities in certain areas. Interviews help us gather information effectively. We can have a structured or unstructured interview to help us gain insight and understand the child and additional concerns.We must understand what behaviors need to be watched and when we do the assessment for the child’s suspected disability. We must be aware of a child’s comfort level when doing assessment because if a child is displaying a high level of discomfort it might be a sign of more serious problems. Testing environment must be taken into consideration because it can have a large impact on the results of the testing when determining the true needs of the child. We can look at reaction time, the nature of responses give, the child’s verbal interaction ith the examiner, and organizational approach during testing, adaptability, and the child’s attitude. These must all be looked at and observed when assessing for this type of disability. When assessing a child’s behavior we must have knowledge of the degree the child believes their behaviors make a difference in their life, the tolerance for frustration that the child has, the activity level of the child, self-view of the child, emotional response of the child, and the conflict experienced by the child. Psychological testing is used in assessment of behavior and is administered by the school psychologist.There are many tests we can use to determine if behavior is a disability for the child. Behavior Intervention Plans must be developed when dealing with a child’s inappropriate behaviors. This is intended to reduce the need f or extreme discipline measures. These types of plans are intended to help control and suppress the behaviors that are inappropriate for a child. We must fully understand the psychological makeup of a child that might be behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted to help recommend the correct placement and services that the child might need .

scientific review of the giver essays

scientific review of the giver essays The Giver is a science fiction novel by Lois Lowry. It tells the story of people living in what they think is a "utopia" as seen through the eyes of a young boy named Jonas. On everyone's 12 birthday they get assigned a job. He is assigned the duty of the Receiver. He retrieves memories from this man called the Giver. He begins to experience new things via memories and dreams. He sees differences between people, he feels hot and cold, and he has emotion. Until then Jonas had lived in a world of conformity. Everyone looked the same, there was complete climate control, and there was no feeling. Anyone who was different was "released" (killed) so people from this community never new of other races, religions, or beliefs. Jonas cannot live in his plain world after learning about color and temperature and the unusual feeling in him. He escapes into the world as In the utopia people could not see color. Color is the result of light rays bouncing off objects and entering your eye at an angle. Light travels through space at about 186,000 miles per second. Ergo the waves couldn't be stopped. Not to mention the waves reflect off of objects, so the waves would hit an object and keep bouncing to make color for everything. This means it would be impossible to block out color. The town is run by the elders. One of there jobs was to keep the climate the same. There is no precipitation, and temperature is kept comfortable. That means it doesn't rain or snow and that water can't evaporate. Life as it exists today cannot survive without the water cycle. It starts with evaporation. The temperature must be hot enough to turn water particles into vapor where it comes together in the sky. It condenses and when the cloud gets full it rains. Depending on the outside temperature the water would fall to earth as rain, sleet, hail, or snow. People need water to live and ...

Halliburton

Halliburton Free Online Research Papers In 1919, Erle P. Halliburton established the new method of an oil well cementing company in Oklahoma City. This was the start to Halliburton’s extensive timeline. Today Halliburton provides services for the petroleum and energy industries (Business Source Complete, 1998). From 1994, the company’s revenue rose from $5.9 billion to $14.9 billion in 1999 (Bruno Valette, 2001). During this time Dick Cheney was the CEO of the Halliburton organization. In this time the company’s overseas operation grew from 51% to 68% (Bruno Valette, 2001). Mr. Cheney has receive must credit for this massive success. Furthermore, Halliburton provides an extensive range of services from engineering to oil refining. Halliburton has one of the world’s largest infrastructures. According to Bruno Valette, Halliburton is the worlds largest diversified energy services, engineering, construction and maintenance company. â€Å"The diversified revenue stream makes Halliburton less susceptible to a downturn in any one market or division† (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Halliburton has almost 100,000 employees and 7,000 customers in more than 120 countries (Bruno Valette, 2001). Halliburton management planning skills has helped the organization grow into the largest provider of services in the construction and oil industry offer all over the world. However, Halliburton faces several ethical dilemmas that may lead to the down fall of their massive organization or it could just fuel their way to more power. Let use examine the history of Halliburton to the present as we take into account the choice made by the organization to increase its revenue and grow as a company. Halliburton’s strategic vision is to â€Å"†¦continue to set the company apart from the competitors. Driven by a passion for excellence, a commitment to finding the best solution for the customer the legacy of our founders (Halliburton, 2008).† Halliburton’s vision statement is inspirational. According to Bateman and Snell the most effective vision statements inspire organizational members (Bateman Snell 2007). The start of a successful organization is a well though out vision statement. Halliburton has set themselves apart from other organizations that are in the same industry just by their vision statement being so touching and heart felt. Furthermore, Halliburton organization took several steps to becoming a larger service provider by purchasing Brown Root, an engineering and construction company (Halliburton 2008). This was one of the many strategic plans that expanded services and increase revenue. This purchase increased the company’s stakeholder’s existence and it also put Halliburton’s organization on the map for being a more powerful, resourceful organization. In 1962, Halliburton and Dresser Industries integrated to provide more efficient services for their customers (Halliburton 2007). Dresser had acquired M.W. Kellogg, a leader in petroleum refining and petroleum processing technology, extensive knowledge and expertise in the petroleum industry (Halliburton 2007). With Halliburton expertise in engineering, construction, and oil; paired with Dresser’s knowledge in petroleum refining and petroleum processing technology, makes an unbeatable team. This team offered major innovations to the industry. Innovation forces the four functions of manage to continuously change and implement new ways of reaching the company’s goals. The top executives analyzed the situation and came up with new goals. The next step was to analyze those goals and organize them in a way that the company can benefits from. Halliburton innovation to the engineering, construction, refining and petroleum processing industry has shown its benefits by its revenues. Halliburton and Dresser paired and made a partnership that only brought success and media attention. However, in 1998, the two forces separated (Halliburton 2008). Each pursued separate ventures. Halliburton continue to provide services in engineering, construction, and oil. From this time Halliburton has obtained several major contracts that have increased the revenue and the global span of their organization. Furthermore, the organization’s balance of the â€Å"Big Five† personality traits leads to a productive work atmosphere (Griffin 2007). According to Ricky M. Griffin, experts believe that personality traits that lean toward the more positive side of each of the five traits are more productive in an organizational setting (Griffin). Halliburton has also used â€Å"Groupthink† make major decisions. Halliburton management made managerial decision that has given the organization almost a century of on going business. Do to the management team efforts Halliburton has made decisions to best reach the organizational goals. However, Halliburton has received a lot of criticism due to contracts that took place overseas. Halliburton has been accused of taking part in shooting of a protesting villager overseas, undermining American foreign policy (Bruno Valette, 2001), and abuse to inhabitants in Burma (Bruno Valette, 2001). Issues like these go on and on. Halliburton has faced several ethnical dilemmas as they increased the work, or rather the contracts they received from overseas. The most devastating issues are the litigations that the organization watch women get rape, people forced to work and even murdered if they did not cooperate with the invaders. â€Å"An ERI investigation concluded that construction and operation of the pipelines has involved the use of forced labor, forced relocation and even murder, torture and rape (Bruno Valette, 2001j).† Wendy Hall, a spokeswomen for Halliburton, claimed that Halliburton does not do business in Burma but a number of pipeline and other projects in Burma where built by Halliburton’s organization (Bruno Valette, 2001). Ethical issues like the Burma issue are only the ones that have been uncovered. It just goes to show everyone how money and power can get an organization away with almost anything. How long before a massive organization, that reigns almost in every part of the world, fall? Another question to ask is why haven’t an organization like Halliburton fallen already? One reason most organization last so long is because of they analyze their external and internal environment. SWOT analysis is an assessment taken of an organization’s strengths, weakness, opportunities, and treats (Bateman Snell, 2007). According to Data monitor, Halliburton strengths are they have a diversified revenue stream, have expertise in setting up LNG plants (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Data monitor goes further to report Halliburton’s weaknesses as having lower margins compared to other industry, poor performance in Iraq and Kuwait, and they may be subjected to criminal investigation (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Data monitor reports Halliburton’s opportunities as a positive outlook for the global oil and gas sector, in demand for environmental services, increase in demand for natural gas, and the shifting of operations to United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). Further more, Data monitor reports Halliburton’s threats as political instability, environmental regulations, and termination of government contracts (Data Monitor Plc, 2007). However, according to Griffin, Halliburton’s organization is so big that it has an internal auditing staff that spends all of its time performing audits throughout the organizations divisions. This internal audit division of Halliburton helps to stay in compliance with the law congress passed in 2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires CEOs and CFOs to take full responsibility of the organization’s financial statements (Griffin). Halliburton’s management team has made choices that have accelerated the company’s name and revenue. On the other hand, Halliburton has made some unethical decision that has gotten the company in the public’s eye. This attention has not diminished the company business rates or growth. The success of the company is remarkable. Through the organizational tactics and the strategic plans the company will continue to grow and profit. References Bateman, T., Snell, S. (2007). Management: leading and collaborating in a competitive world (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Business Source Complete. (1998, November). Dresser merger with Halliburton completed. Retrieved December 03, 2008, from ESBCO: www. apollolibrary.com/LTT Bruno, K., Valette, J. (2001, May). Cheney Halliburton:Going Where the Oil Is. Retrieved December 09, 2008, from ESBCO. Data Monitor Plc. (2008, November 2008). Halliburton Company SWOT ANALYSIS. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from Data Monitor: www.datamonitor.com Griffin, Ricky W. Principles of Management, Student Acheivement Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007. Halliburton. (2007). Halliburton. Retrieved December 9, 2008, from Halliburton: halliburton.com/Default.aspx?navid=338pageid=713 Research Papers on HalliburtonMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Commercial Law - Essay Example many are those who have said that â€Å"the core objective of undertaking commercial and thus creating a commercial atmosphere in any country would fail†2. For example if commerce or the act of doing business is not regulated, chances are that people would seek to make money through the wrong means and there will be no way of checking how much a person makes and through what means so that the needed agencies including government would have the right allocation of taxes to benefit the larger population. But when arguing for the regularization of businesses or commercial activities, many are those who have questioned how the regulations should be carried out, with a lot more people touching on the possible use of a commercial code3. This paper therefore addresses the question of whether or not the United Kingdom needs such a commercial code that have been practiced and used in other jurisdictions including Germany and Turkey. A commercial code is a form of regulation that guides and governs the way and manner in which the commercial institution of any country or given region should operate. It is therefore said to be â€Å"a codification of governing laws for all commercial entities within an identified setting including trade, merchants, companies, commercial bargains, and commercial contracts†4. The emphasis here therefore is that the commercial code is a standardised document that clearly states all laws that should guide the way commerce should be undertaken from both a practical and theoretical perspective. These laws are also taken from a private law perspective even though it may be regulated on a national basis in most cases. Commonly, the aspects of private laws that will be included in a commercial code includes but not limited to â€Å"sales of goods, leases of goods, business contractual agreements, negotiable instruments, fiscal deposits, letters of credit, investment securities, amo ng others†5. Once the laws that should guide trade and business are

Hamiltons and Jefferson's political philosophy Essay

Hamiltons and Jefferson's political philosophy - Essay Example Hamilton’s and Jefferson's political philosophy There were two camps who came head to head over advocating different ideologies; on one side there was Alexander Hamilton, the secretary of treasury under Washington who advocated a strong centralized government, while on the other hand there was Thomas Jefferson, the secretary of state under Washington and the third President of the U.S. who was against a centralized government and favored a republican government that would have more to do with foreign affairs and less with the laws that have been imposed in any state of the country. Jefferson opposed a centralized form of government feeling that it would threaten the notions of freedom laid down by the Constitution. Jefferson did everything that was in his power to make sure that America did not become the â€Å"new† England under King George III, which would be disastrous to the cause of the revolution on which basis the American nation had been founded. Alexander Hamilton had a different point of view. Alexander Hamilton could be considered an elitist who advocated that rich and well-born are the chosen ones to rule the country (Nagel 76). Alexander Hamilton believed that a country like America would not survive if it gives too much freedom to its states as doing that would mean fueling their desire of their own independence. Hamilton was like a deputy to George Washington and was quite effective in formulating the policy of incorporation of centralized government in the United States.... According to Hamilton, I believe the British government forms the best model the world has ever produced...This government has for its object public strength and individual security. (Pollard 69) He viewed the British form of government in the exact opposite context as was seen by Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton was accepting the good points of a centralized government point of view in the British form of government against the bad points of freedom laid down by the same government. The section of the U.S. politics from which Hamilton originated was very concerned with the survival of the 13 states that made up the United States of America back in that time, regardless of what the role of government was defined. However, he was quite sure that the vision put forward by Thomas Jefferson, a republican form of government, was in no way practical for the survival of states. Jefferson interpreted the constitution as sacred text that defines the rights of the government. According to Jefferson the government shall be defined in the following way: "Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security." (Baghatur 239) He wanted to prove Hamilton wrong who proclaimed that a government with limited powers will not be able to guarantee the survival of