Snow White Gender Roles Essay Example for Free

vitamin C White Gender Roles EssayThe story of degree centigrade White begins as exclusively other fairy tales. The lovely female monarch bares a beautiful dinky girl nonwithstanding doesnt draw off the chance to see her grow up. carbon Whites father remarried a beautiful charwoman and she honourable knew she was the most beautiful woman ever. S at present White became older and her bag began to show more and more as the mean solar twenty-four hour periods went by, more beauty then the queen had. Of line of credit the queen became very upset with this and ordered that reversal White was killed so that she can polish off pricker her place as the prettiest in the land. The hunter found Snow White in the woods that he couldnt kill her. He told her to run a sort and to never come back station and gave the queen a pigs heart instead. Snow mad her way to a lesser cottage and stayed there until the queen found out what go pasted she found her and poisoned her. End the end the queen died and Snow was save by her prince and rode get through into the sunset. Now in this story there are many males roles and wholly two females and they have many roles they each portray in a fairy-tale. Snow Whites gender roles included the evil queen, the hoagy, and the damsel in distress.The queen is usually mean throughout the full(a) story, scarcely in this one she wasnt always this way. When snow white was little the queen was a somewhat nice/decent person until she Johnson pg.2 realized her step daughter looked better than her. Now in reality this is possible maybe not in the since of the step fetch killing the child solely getting rid of them. They more envy she gives off the more disturbing she becomes because she is no longer cogitate on her on wellbeing precisely hurting somebody else. Sometimes females get so carried up with what other girls are doing trying to make them look bad but they obturate all closely ta king care of themselves.The que en thought that killing snow white would make her life easier but it only got worse every time she tried until she met her death. Women get to the point where trying to make someone else suffers and end being the one hurt in the end because they put too much effort. The hero in this story would be of course the handsome prince who saves little snow white and brings her back to life. In reality a womans hero is not necessarily someone who saves our live but the one who is there in our time of need. The prince knew nothing of snow white until he seen her in the glaze coffin. He only shows up when she needs assist kind of like now when a woman is need sometimes a nice man just comes along to help and to make our day better. The seven-spot dwarfs were like family to snow.They gave her somewhere to stay and food to eat as long as she does the chores. In life if you have an issue there is always a family member that will take you and help you out through those hard times. Now as far as snow white herself would be the damsel in distress. A beautiful teen lady who has someone out to get her but then is rescued by the man of her dreams. In her role there is nothing she can do except run away and let other want to they just were never taught to do so. A royal persons role in life is stand there give orders and to look nice. Therefore they weart learn the basic roles of survival. So with the descriptions of all the characters we now see that the role of the men in this story is to protectJohnson pg. 3 roles of the women were to look pretty and do no outside work. The narratives point of view of snow white was kind of hard to understand but as I continued to read I understood exactly what he/she was trying to say. The witch from the fibbers view was that she grew to be so evil is because snow became so beautiful so fast, she thought that everyone else would forget all close her and that she would never be loved again. The more the story went on the more covetous t he queen got. It even got to the point to where she changed her identity just to set snow up for death. The narrator makes the queen seem like the absolute worst person on earth but she real is just like any other woman who felt someone is threating her territory and took action to stop it.Snow White is supposed to be the typical princess who picks out the pretty dresses and waits for her handsome prince to come sweep her off her feet. The narrator describes her as the princess who has to work for what she wants. Princesses dont run away from the castle because their step mother is trying to kill them. Snow had to hide herself in order to live. She had to find a home, food, and some way to support her until she got on her feet or found the prince shes been looking for. The narrator described snow as a hard working young lady. She cooked, cleaned, and with the help of the animals she even redecorated the dwarfs home.The prince in the narrators point of view is the one who knew what he was looking for he just didnt know where to look for it until that day he found the little house sitting in the woods not knowing that he would find the love of his life lying in a glass casket. Although he wasnt talked about much in this story, the narrator viewed him as brave young man who saved the most fairly of them all, and he was. Now the dwarfs in the narrators point of view wereJohnson pg. 4 snows little helpers. Even though she found them first and kind of took over their home, they were serene willing to let her in. They were sort of like her foster parents, how they looked after her and cared for her.Snow White has many descriptions on the actions that both sex in the story. For instance when the prince found snow she wasnt in your typical wide-ranging puffy ball gown dancing around the room with other women and she just so happen to stand out him. She was lying dead in a coffin made of glass and he fell in love with her there. When someone actually thinks about a prince finding his princess they dont see him randomly going into the woods to find a coffin with a beautiful young lady lying their lifeless.She is supposed to be alive waiting on him to come to her home and take her as his wife. Princesses are to dressed in the most exquisite dresses and the long hair flowing spile her back having everything she wants, snow wasnt like that. Snow had on the simple little dress with soon hair and in the story it seems like she didnt actually get everything she wanted. She went through hell to get the man of her dreams from running from the hunter to the poison apple, even losing her mother when she a little girl.In federation today the royal court isnt really like the story at all. They dont really have to work or do chores. Snow had to clean up after seven dirty men every day, thats not a typical princess. Also when the queen dies and the king does remarry he doesnt just put his child aside and worry only about his new wife. Snows father isnt me ntioned in this story really at all as if he just left soon as the mother died. Kind of like now how some kids start off with their father then one day he just up and disappears. The queen hiring someone to kill her stepchild, thatJohnson pg. 5 doesnt happen in the world today. The queen doesnt really have the power to order someone be killed because its the kings job. Snow found the dwarfs home in the woods and just walked in and started cleaning and eating, basically making herself at home. The dwarfs come home expecting their home to be exactly the way it was when the left not for it to be cleaned, food cooked and for a strange woman to be in as if she belong there. In society today she would have went to jail for breaking and entering.The roles in this story are completely contrasting not only in the world today, but from any other fairy there is today. The women actually took charge and worked for what they wanted. And as for the men they set back and watch the women proceed t hrough out day to day making sure everything that needs to be done gets done, not your everyday royal family.

Productive Opportunity Essay Example for Free

Productive Opportunity EssayProductive opportunities depends on multiple things, the advancement of technology, the availability and portal to resources, and also what producers and entrepreneurs can think of at the given time. Choosing a combination of productive and financial opportunities foster maximize wealth. They key in finding a productive opportunity is a high point in time of awareness of the factors that distort judgment A perfect capital securities industry is when buying and selling do not affect prices. In a perfect capital market the corporation is regarded only as a means of generating wealth, because the present value of the dollar returns it generates is the only feature relevant to its owners. Understanding your resource, resources is a source or supply from which an organization gains profit. Typic tout ensembley resources are materials or other assets that are change to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. From a gent lemans gentleman perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants. Organizations operate by people making decisions. A manager plans and organizes a team by executing decisions.The effectiveness and timbre of those decisions determines how successful a manager is. With this being said the goal of the manager and owner remain the like as long as market value is maximized. Opportunity is all around us only if yet at the same time sometimes we never see it. In business we case for new ways to market our business, reach our target market, build on online community and through this all we overlook the opportunity that is all around us. We are learning to create opportunity my maximizing our market value.In conclusion, in a perfect capital market, the market value of the rm is determined only by the cash ows it can generate and not by the source of funds used to nance those operations. The line of management is to create wealth by nding productive opportunities with average rates of return exceeding the market rate of interest.Fabozzi, Frank J. (2011-12-01). Financial Economics (Page 46). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

Marks and spencers as an international retailer

Marks and spencers as an international retailerMarks and Spencer, known as M S, is one of the biggest retailers in the world. It has al near 150 stores in 30 countries, including 130 franchises operating across the globe. Though it is very popular for its clothing chains in the unite Kingdom, M S is also known for its multi-million pound food industry. M S also apportion home furnishings, footwear and gifts early(a) than clothing and food. In the get together Kingdom alone it has 450 stores and down the stairs the authentication St. Michael, it has a chain of 294 stores. Almost all the political partys overseas branches atomic number 18 locally franchised. M S owns the United States of Americas Brooks Brothers and King Super Markets. To meet the demands of the clients the phoner gets facilitated by Direct Mail. The associations core objectives of meeting the node expectation and giving consumers easier and better access to a wide list of products. The financial servic es for the customers are provided by the groups financial services which comprise of the unit trust management, life insurances etc.M S in recent years suffered a succession of adversities, both at home and abroad. The sales of the company perplex dropped. The market capitalization and stock prices reduced substantially and the overseas profits have tremendously declined. As a result the company was forced to form a market department in January 1999 and become more proactive and market driven. M S followed a very simple trade philosophy for a very long time. That is to produce high quality products under a appreciate brand and advertise through the word-of-mouth. But in the recent past, this advertising scheme has come under criticism as the company started losing its competitive touch. The challenge now is to develop a good merchandising strategy and emerge from the slump to reposition M S as a fierce orbiculate competitor in the international arena.Internationalization S trategy of M SThe internationalisation of the M S began in the early 1940s. It is beca procedure the company started to feel that the house servant market has been saturated and the enlargement has to come from abroad. foreign most of the firms, M S began to export its products on the brand name St. Michael as a commission to test the waters. It has been in(predicate) and the company was exporting about $1,146,000 worth of products by 1955. Externally, the members of a local craunch party were suggesting nationalizing the booster cable domestic retailers.Sooner as a tool of diversification, some international franchising relationships were formed. This franchising allowed the company to achieve global presence with minimum political and economic risks. As the relations of the company grew with other global countries, MS choose to invest reign overly (FDI).MS uses various types of foreign entry around the world. But mostly the company believes in opening its own stores in m ajor economies. It has its own stores in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Spain and Netherlands and franchises in Cyprus, Israel, Bermuda, etc. when forming international alliances it often prefers an experienced retailer in that particular rural area. Its first articulate venture was established in Spain as it felt the cultural distance and market power of its co company will help to mitigate the political climate and behaviour of the company. Its international strategies in Spain numbered successful results which helped it to gain popularity in the global markets. Through franchising, its approach was mostly top-down. That is it has a centralised management which could non be better off in various marketing situations. Hence it was forced to change its internationalization strategies through foreign direct investment. Due to this there is a forced change in its technology, cultural behaviouring and regional promoting aspects. MS started to open stores in America, Far East an d Europe. In different parts it has reasonably different operational strategies depending upon the host countries values. In America it used acquisitions with Brook Brothers (clothing company), in Europe it has its direct stores running and in Far East, some stores were run with franchise and others through direct investment.Following a wide range of strategy reviews of its business, board of MS announced in 2001 significant changes to its strategies. The important decisions in its strategy areExpansion in growth of productive products.Acceleration of store renewal weapons platformBeing close to the customerMore intensive use of spaceRelease value from fractional the property portfolioCost cutting.MS has a wide range of returns on food products and has earned customer trust. So it decided to invest its major investment in food, home and beauty products. Its other intent was to accelerate the renewal of store renewal. Under this, it planned to refurbish more stores faster at the pass up cost. It also reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximise returns per sqft. Apart from these strategic changes, it uses direct investment in global sectors which gained them a competitive return.Factors affecting MS strategy in that location are various factors which has a certain impact on the MS internationalization strategy. Of them, technology has been one of the factor in which the company was forced to change its strategy in various countries. But broadly speaking, in this fast develop technological world, technology used by Ms is been available where ever it opened its stores. A handsome adjustment to the technical functioning of a store is enough for the company to have its strategy working. The most important factor that has its resemblance in the formulation of internationalization strategy is geography and distance.As the marketing strategy of MS is universal, however it does not mean that it uses similar strategies in all parts of the world. There is a large effect of globalisation to the formulation of internationalization strategies. Consumers from various countries are different referable to varying culture, economic development, and income level and so on. So in certain cases MS does not use its centralised operating strategies instead it combines with some other company through mergers but has its own standards running. This initial phenomenon of outsourcing and then after some recognition opening its own store had a significant upwardly success in MS organization.As marks and spencer is generally known for its clothing and food products, the neighbourhood of the company is very important. As MS runs its stores in different countries, transportation of the products has to be done in a prcised manner such that there is no shortage. So in order to keep down this transportation and time differences, MS has its own outlets in specific countries. These outlets have immediate access to the try of products whenever require d. There are certain situations where it cannot have its own outlets due to some government policies and other factors. In these cases, marks and spencer uses its internationalization strategy of franchising. So that it has its own functionality running by other company. All these have significant impacts in the brand distribution globally.Apart from these, government trade policies also play a part in the strategy formulation. Given the growing links among nations, it is very difficult to consider domestic policy without considering international repercussions. In the case of formulating its strategy in US, bilateral negotiations are carried out top wide range of products, services and investments. Such a policy should pursue the government to facilitate competitiveness and encourage collaboration among companies in the areas of goods and process technologies. MS is an UK company where the marketing conditions have to be emphasised by the government and the product is socially a ccepted. Also great emphasis is placed on capability by government policies. Where as in US and Far East countries, they regard individualism and the promotional appeals should be relevant to the individual to incorporate lower power distance within the market.Also the main(prenominal) advantage of Marks and Spencer government policy is that it had an opportunity of taking advantage of NAFTA (North American Free betray Agreement) in US. It takes advantage of tax under this agreement and is outsourcing its products to Mexico and Canada. It also has an advantage of making economic smell in terms of logistics. The important policy priorities for the tax Policy Action Group (PAG) in the future(a) includeThe Tax Framework for BusinessThe Value Added TaxThe National Insurance ContributionsM S will be benefitted over the above made policies by the government. The idea is to focus on the vigilance and the management of the policy implications in indirect tax, company tax, personnel t ax and customs duty.ConclusionThe courtly wisdom on development of the developed companies like MS has focused on learning from mistakes. The leading MS Company showed that their high risk strategy of acquisition and direct investment can yield successful results backed up with technology, and cultural values. The insights from the study on MS suggest that overseas expansion is related to the need to improve global competitiveness in order to boost their outsourcing capabilities. No result the distance and differences between the countries, MS has been the successful organization to open its companies in different countries and make them profitable ones. The only important aspect for it is to make a minimum number of changes to the functioning and marketing aspects depending upon the country in which it is operating in. thus from the above analysis it can be understood that the globalization strategy of MS created a new marketing paradigm in its success and also gained superior ad vantage and reputation irrespective of the host country policies and other factors. Hence it is clear from the strategies of an MS company that we give-up the ghost in a truly globalised economy where differences across countries are given little importance in development.

Revenue Recognition and Corporate Governance

Revenue Recognition and bodily GovernanceRevenue apprehension is one of the most signifi adviset accounting concepts to organisations across the globe. Basic eachy, there are two main demeanors in which an organisation empennage account for revenue as part of their financial accounts. A company can either economic consumption cash based accounting or accruals based accounting. Cash based accounting requires the company to mark the revenue and to put the figure into their accounts at the point when the cash is received, regardless of how or when the money has been earned. On the other hand, with accruals based accounting the figures will feature in the accounts when the revenues are realised, or when the amount is earned, not necessarily when the cash actually enters the company1.Countries across the world deal with the issue of revenue recognition real differently and, as such, it is particularly difficult to compare international businesses. The counseling in which revenue is recognise will read an impact on the perceived financial health of an organisation and different turn upes can make it extremely difficult for analysts and investors to make a fair comparison.In October 2002, the International Accounting Systems wit (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) began a joint project to deal with these differences. The original overall become of the revenue recognition project was to establish a single coherent way of revenue recognition that can be used, globally. Fundamentally, this required the convergence of US GAAP and international standards.One of the main problems facing FASB and IASB is that the US does not have a general accounting standard relating to revenue recognition. Instead, different sectors and industries have developed their own ways of dealing with revenue recognition in line with their individual requirements2. As a result, there is no consistency. Moreover, revenue recognition in the US is seen as particul arly heterogeneous and is based largely on the discretion of the individual finance teams.Originally, the project suggested that a fair tax asset based approach should be followed. However, it is currently thought that it will not be practicable to establish one universal approach. The basic concept of the fair value asset and liability approach is that when a company enters into a centre, it creates rights (assets) and obligations (liabilities). The difference between these assets and liabilities at any point in the contract is the revenue generated by this contract and should be the figures used at the point in which the accounts are haggard up. This started as a fair value approach to the difference in assets and liabilities, but has now shifted to a greater extent towards the customer consideration approach to valuing the difference between assets and liabilities3.The FASB and IASB have since recognised that enforcing one standard on a global level will be unachievable and have, since 2006, decided to take a more bottom-up approach by conducting an international study of how the above model would work and the way in which it would interact with the cultural differences across the globe4.It is this cultural difference and historical freedom that presents the greatest challenge to the victory of the project. Without a detailed understanding of how the proposed models will work, practically, with reference to the various different families of transactions, it will be impossible for the project to reach any definitive conclusion. For this reason, gaining a greater understanding has now become the starting and most important antecedency of the FASB and the IASB when conducting their study relating to revenue recognition. integrated plaque is absolutely vital in the administration and control of companies. Essentially, integrated governance refers to the principles, policies, customs, laws and any other factors that deal with the way in which a compa ny is managed. It is key in the way that the tellingship with the company directors and the stakeholders in the company interacts. As a general rule, strong corporate governance results in a good level of confidence in the company itself and the wider industry5.The aims of corporate governance are multiple but are mainly in apprisal to accountability of the key individuals within the organisation and, in particular, the way in which the company deals with the principal divisor problem6. It is also about establishing economic efficiency and ensuring the best and most appropriate use of available resources. As the way in which companies are run varies so dramatically from country to country, it is unsurprising that the way corporate governance is managed is equally diverse.In 2002, the United States took the approach of regulating the way in which corporate governance should work with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This Act was drawn up as a rule based approach to corporate governance, following several accounting scandals which hit the headlines in the US, the most notable being the collapse of ENRON. As part of the legislation, eleven heads of rules were created and the Securities and Exchange Commission was required to make compliance a condition of entre to the exchange. The rules have been criticised as being highly prescriptive and not allowing for flexibility based on organisational differences7. product line this with the principles based approach taken in the UK and the US. Although both countries follow the Anglo-American approach, which is considered liberal and as giving priority to shareholders, the way they go about achieving this aim is substantially different.The UK takes a principle based approach with a comply or explicate policy8. This means that a list of principles and best practices has been developed in relation to corporate governance whereby public listed companies must either comply with this best practice or explain why it is not thoug ht necessary in their particular circumstances. In the US, there are statutory rules with which all accompanies must comply. The UK government felt that it was not possible to create one set of rules that would watch the needs and issues of every type of company for this reason, it has continued to favour this principle based approach.Divergences in the way that corporate governance is dealt with across the globe and even across sectors and industries is a natural part of the way business is conducted. All companies have their own issues and structures which require different approaches to control and accountability. The level of prescription that the US government has placed on corporate governance has resulted in a one size fits all approach which is simply impractical. Failure to allow a degree of flexibility and adaptability will result in a difficult to manage and ineffective system of corporate governance.Footnotes1 Sondhi, Ashwinpaul C., Taub, Scott, Revenue Recognition Guid e, Cch Inc, 20062 Benston, George J., Bromwich, Michael, Litan, Robert E., Wagenhofer, Alfred ,Worldwide Financial inform The Development and Future of Accounting Standards, Oxford University Press US, 20063 Sondhi, Ashwinpaul C., Taub, Scott, Revenue Recognition Guide, Cch Inc, 20064 Glover, Jonathan C., Ijiri, Yuji, Levine, Carolyn B., Jinghong Liang, Pierre, Separating Facts from Forecasts in Financial Statements, Accounting Horizons, Vol. 19, 20055 Colley, J., Doyle, J., Logan, G., Stettinius, W., What is Corporate Governance ? McGraw-Hill, December 20046 Clarke, Thomas (ed.), Theories of Corporate Governance The Philosophical Foundations of Corporate Governance, London and New York Routledge, 20047 Monks, Robert A.G, Minow, Nell, Corporate Governance, Blackwell, 20048 Arcot, Sridhar, Bruno, Valentina,d Faure-Grimaud, Antoine, Corporate Governance in the U.K. is the comply-or-explain working?, FMG CG Working Paper 001, December 2005

The poverty issue

The need wall plugThis issue of Poverty has been general absorb to humanity collectable to the serious setback it is causing globally. It has befit the earthly concerns pandemic threatening close to scotch especially those in the Least create countries (LDCs). Hence, the magnitude of leanness though varying in varied move of the sphere is known to be prominent in the LDCs. Countries could be install in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. According to Raanan Weitz 1986, While humanity sh atomic number 18s integrity planet, it is a planet on which there are two worlds, the rich and the world of the woeful these poor world countries are called the Third existence.1They are characterized by low economic growth, low per capital income, low standards of living ,low level of technology, naughty illiteracy rate, political instability.All of these serve as an bridle to the economic growth processes of these countries.According to Allan Cochrane A polar aspect of s stubtines s is the way in whichIt reduces ability of people to participate in the standard lives of their communities with stress being placed on the deprivation which results from the lack kind of than low income itself2 Poverty drive out influence policy intervene in either association and it is central to policy debates concerning outgrowth on wellbeing issue.After the give the axe of the first and second World Wars that lead by and large to the devastation of Europe, a comp whatsoever countries came together to form the league that exit seek to theAffairs of their countries, promote inter landal relations seeking to moderate in a variety of areas of human activities. This resulted to formation of outside(a) political Organization (INGOs) charged with the responsibility and vision to facilitate the issue of warfare and peace, disease prevention and peace, and economic development. These IGOs seem to be dominant in contemporary supranational affairs. Besides, other actors who also play significant recognition in influencing and determining the course of international relations but however are not so officially know by states, (nonprofit making, voluntarily originateed, particular(prenominal) aims and neutrals and that which are active in various human welfare),are Non- authoritiesal Organization(NGOs).According to Daniel S. Papp, Non-government Organizations are extremely divers in Size, composition objective and allow bodies such(prenominal) as the International Olympic counseling (IOC).The committee for nuclear disarmament, the International Federation of Air line Pilots Association, International pretend out over Committee (IRC).The International Chamber of commerce, and the World Federation of true Union.3In the least developed countries like Africa, both the income and non- income aspect pauperisation is permeating receivable to line of work str etceteraing from bad governance and mismanagement, poor economic growth, unemployment an d underemployment, lack of access to social services ,low level of investment, superior point in time of indebtness and umpteen others. The above, mentioned views are buttress by Santiago (1973), thus the triple world, with 77% of the nation, subsists on only 22% of the world income and even this universe of discourse is in abject meagerness4Nevertheless(prenominal), most of the LDCs gestate formulated policies and strategies for poverty reducing in their development plans backuped and financed by international organizations.sierra Leone at the west coast of Africa, according to world population data of the reference bureau, sierra Leone has an estimated population of about 4.5 million. With the natural resources vary from fertile visit tropical mineral deposits. Yet, it is ranked at the bottom of united nation Human using Index (HDI) as the poorest in the world.In support to further reforms and effort to stabilize the economy, the International Monetary Fund(IMF)approv ed an economic platform inflict attend toance to facilitate the economy in December 1999.The World Bank also launched the stinting Rehabilitation and Recovery credit to assist Government in restoring protective and economic security.Other donors including the Islamic breeding Bank (IDB), THE Department for International Development (DFID) UK and the European Economic Commission (EU) or (EEC) use up provided ongoing emergency recovery assistance and budgetary support to enhance government capacity to fund critical program and improve service delivery5In a bid to improve on the efficiency of donors support, the Government has centralized guardianship Coordination in the Ministry of Development and Economic Planning (MODEP) to formulate humanitarian guideline for all NGOs operating in the country.About 75.5% of the population live below the poverty line less than one United States dollar (UA$1) per day 6.This low human development provide include indicators like low primary sch ool enrollment, high illiteracy rate, high maternal death rate, and low level of security etc.However, the poverty lieu becomes worsened during the war when most sectors from which the government was receiving revenue especially the mining sector become the target of the war. With the end of the war and successful conclusion of Presidential and Parliamentary elections on the fourteenth May 2002, Government has already implemented series of strategies that seek to facilitate poverty. To redress poverty, the government articulated and interim poverty decline raws report (I-PRSP) in June2001.Government Institutions, Sectors, International Organization and the international community have refined their policies toward reducing poverty in the country.METHODOLOGY The queryer due to time limitation, and with imagines to the objective of this work, seeker pull up stakes be assessing information self-collected from secondary sources/data in order to produce the required and desire result.The researcher opted to integrate the soft approach in this conduct due to its significant advantages. The use of qualitative data gathering method is profitable as they are more open to changes and refinement of research ideas as the conduct progresses this implies that qualitative data gathering tools are highly flexible.This cultivation leave behind use interpretivist as its main research philosophy. A descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a website, as it exists at the time of the study (Creswell, 1994).It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and process that are on-going, set up that are being felt or trends that are evolution. In addition, such approach tries to describe past, present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Creswell, 1994).The ontology of qualitative methods is constructivist, which contends that social phenomenon is continually being accomplished by social actors- they are produced through social interaction and are thus constantly being revised.7Basically, a descriptive research utilizes observations and surveys. It is for this particular motive that this approach was chosen by the researcher, whose intention is to gather first hand data. Moreover, this testament allow for a flexible approach that when authorised new issues and questions arise at the duration of the study, a further investigation can be conducted. Another advantage is that with this approach, the research will be devalued and any(prenominal)how cost-effective.Aside from the qualitative finding method, secondary research will be conducted in this study. Sources in secondary research will include previous research reports, development books, world and regional documentations, existing findings on journals and existing knowledge on books, firsthand communication source from international organization websites, newspapers, magazines and appropriate use of the internet. The study will shorten an broad review of the relevant literature on the character reference played by NGOs in alleviating poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, Case study caritas as a case study. Basically, interpretation will be conducted which can vizor as qualitative in nature.PROBLEMPoverty is a situation which renders communities and individuals ineffective, passive an isolated, thereby reducing the ability of people to participate in the normal lives of their communities resulting to deprivation which is characterized by lack of income rather than the low income itself.This poverty epidemic is very widespread in sierra Leone. It penetrates all sectors of our society and at the same time arrests development. Poverty is the major(ip) hurdle and impediments of developmental aspirations and strides in the third world which sierra Leone is an integral component.JUSTIFICATION akin research works have been undertaking in parts of the country, and at various quarters to investigate the role played by NGOs in complementing and fulfillment of Governments efforts in its stride to help improve the welfare of the citizens.However, many campaigns , talks and surveys have proved right that NGOs indeed playing crucial roles in human activities and have had some degrees of successes in obtaining the objective typeface of such NGOs include The International fierce Cross, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, The World Vision, Catholic Relief Service and the like.Hence, it is authorised for a survey like this to be conducted to see how Caritas in Sierra Leone in helping to lighten. In Sierra Leone like in any other third world countries, poverty is a complete hobnailed phenomenon. Survey undertaking by various quarters, groups, researchers, civil societies, government sectors have shown that poverty is very alarming in the Northern and Eastern amenablenesss of Sierra Leone. To add an adde ndum to this point, the Central Statistics Office now known as Statistic Sierra Leone,(SCOSHEHEA 1989-1990), explain thus Eastern Province about 26.4%of the population is poor, Northern province 35.3%,Western Area 15.9% and the SouthernProvince22.3%.Poverty is manifested in the following activities, some single parent family begging in streets, increase in moneymaking(prenominal) sex work, and an increase in the number of early marriage and pregnancy, high rate of inflation, massive unemployment of Youth etc.The study seeks to highlight the important role played by NGOs with emphasis on Caritas in alleviating poverty. It will also serve as a basis for now and incoming day projection in the allocation of resource for development programLastly, with the culmination of the research work, it can be of good source of information for future researchers, who may wish to further investigate the role NGOs play in poverty stand-ins.HYPOTHESISCaritas Sierra Leone (NGO) is helping and compl eting Governments effort to alleviate poverty in Sierra Leone. How?SCOPE OF THE WORKThis work is split up into five scratchs these include instalment (1) Background/History of poverty subdivision (2) Background to case study that is background history of Caritas Sierra Leone, section (3) Origin and import of NGOs, section (4) Analysis of Caritas activities in Sierra Leone (Agriculture, education, Health), section five Analysis and interpretation of data based on the existential result and section (5) conclusion.The research work is designed to cover three implementing sectors of Caritas with regard to poverty alleviation, they includesAgricultural Recovery/ActivitiesEducationHealthAIMS and OBJECTIVESThe major aim of this research is to assess Caritas Sierra Leone (NGO) role play in alleviating poverty in Sierra Leone.The objective is to give brief meaning and origin of NGOs, brief historical background of Caritas, and to,Assess the various activities of Caritas on poverty reduc tion in areas of operations in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone.DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUESThis study is descriptive and to meet the objectives of this dissertation, the desk research method is used which involves collection of data from Caritas field officers, and administrators, and documentation etc.Reviews of the related articles, publications, books pen by development writers and development journals on this posit matter have would be review and consulted and used. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis will be used.TOOLS OF ANALYSISTables, Chats, Averages, and Percentages will be used to analyze and present the data.LITERATURE REVIEWPoverty has become a sensitive issue all over the world. Be motive of this ,individual, consultative group meetings, Government Institutions, Non- Governmental Organisation, Human Right Activist Groups, Humanitarian Organisation, urbane Societies groups, Women Organisations, have in diverse ways undertaken research work wr itten books and formulated activities and strategies towards alleviating poverty.In the course of this discussion, divergent views from selected work will be determine critically to look at the designs and machines adopted by NGOs with specific reference to Caritas sierra Leone to reduce poverty in the LDCs.Peter Townsend (1979) an world power on the opinion and its effect on humanity viewed poverty as follows Individuals, families and groups in population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and how the living the conditions and comforts which are customary or approved in the societies to which they belong .There resources are so seriously below those commanded by the fair(a) individual or family that they in effect excluded from the ordinary living patterns, custom and activities.Similarly so in Sierra Leone, a situation current under which the mess of the population is being affected more especi ally in the homespun areas.This work will however examine the length and extent of the poor status under which the population is categories and how it has been alleviated with the intervention of Caritas in Sierra Leone.Evaluating the impact of NGOs, Womens Association in Rural Poverty Alleviation, Connick (1992) outlined the using up power of the average urban household is 2.5 times as the average awkward, household ,with a large proportion of the rural household forgather in the lowest spending expenditure groups . The selection of the reviewed location of this study is a clear indication to the fact that the poverty is a rural phenomenon in Sierra Leone and the need for partners in development like Caritas to perish on in activities that alleviate poverty in this area is a a good deal concern to this research.Galbraith John Kenneth (1970) revealed that, poverty may itself be a cause of poverty. This is because it denies the country from investment, revenues for education o r purchasing power for consumer product, which in turn, is an creative to effort. Thus, poverty perpetuates itself. Such are the fundamental that both systems must attack. It is unlikely, that that the causes operate in the same form and in the intensively in any two cases. Effective attacks therefore require not only economical remedies but also effective diagnosed of the condition to be ameliorated.In applying strategies/policies accommodate towards poverty reduction in the country, proper identification of the poverty situation should be undertaken.This however, should be complemented by inducting activities and policies to reduce poverty. However, streaming the poverty alleviation programmes, of Caritas from 2001-2008 is a period diagnosed as poverty being very prominent.The strategies and mechanism used by Caritas in fighting poverty is the backbone of this research work.Forster and Shorrocks (1991) argue that aggregate measure of poverty have to be sub-divided consistent. T his poverty of a poverty index is closely associated with the nation of decomposability or adaptively crossways sub-groups .If a poverty index is sub-group consisting, then it must be in the Forster etal, class or any of their change magnitude transformation.In support of Forster and Shorrocks 1991 statement, Sierra Leone Government put strategy and mechanisms in place, in order to sub-grouped poverty. The retardation Poverty decline outline was form to look into the poverty situation.Von Pisschke (1919) recognized that, poverty is contextual that is not static and it is relative. Micro credit bring was introduced as a mechanism for the poor to pursue Poverty Reduction activities which were within means and capacities. The knowledge behind this is that, poverty situation can be improved and a way of doing this is through giving micro-credit lends to co-operative groups, womens Organisation. Individuals, to actively engage in activities like small scale business, agricultural activities, which aid in the increase and improvement of diets as well as alive(p) in the activities of their respective communities. This is evident in areas in which Local NGOs International NGOs operate to reduce poverty in the society. A case study is the activities of Caritas in rural areas and rural urban areas within the last xii years.A conceptual frame work is that, micro-credit or small loan recommended as a process for generating income through Agricultural activities. Literacy programmes, Skill fostering or through Small- scale business is widely a concept in the areas where NGOs and other societier Organisations operate. Caritas will be the one under investigation.With regard to this issue, Khander and Kabeer (1998) discussed the idea that, NGOs and Donors were dictated on policies which specifically called for the increased in micro-credit loans to reach out to women and these micro-credit programmes did not limit their desire impact to poverty reduction only but ex tended it to achieve womens empowermentNonetheless, in Sub-Saharan Economics, Agriculture is purely subsistence and women are the actors in the production of food and responsible for the smooth running of the home, loans are therefore giving and directed to undertake such activities in the society in order to reduce poverty. cause in Chao Beroff (1999) shown that, micro-credit programmes were meant to help the poor generate income and alleviate the poverty sustainable.Similarly, Mayout (2000) explained in the second paradigm that is called the poverty Alleviation Paradigm which manifested in increasing outreach and access to the poor ,providing small loans for consumption and training in some of the poor segment of the population and they are the ones directly targeted and responsible for the family public assistance.The issue here is that, micro-credit are meant and targeted more specifically for women whose role in the family well-being are very significant.Mansaray Shiekh U. (19 95) also explained that, education, per-capital income, level of investment changes in farm size, employment health, food and nutrition etc were the agents or sectors of development.However, an improvement in these sectors will bring about sustainable development that will reduce poverty. The role of Non-governmental Organisation in development with specific references to the association of Rural Development was taken as the subject on these issues.Susistainable development, however gives to growth stellar(a) to a high standard of living .With regard to this, poverty will be alleviated. This study focuses and is however related to examination of the role of Caritas in alleviating poverty with special references to the aspects of Agriculture production, skill training Literacy which is part of the sectors, outlines in development.Gordon Drabek (1988) outlined various analytic concepts and prescription within the idea of promoting NGOs in the developing countries .Many reasons relate d to the mistakes that have been occurring over time by socio-economic developing countries and making the individual who are intended to gain from these developmental policies anticipate to remain poor as ever. However, NGOs have contributed significant resource of different categories to development programmes at community and national level for the benefit of the deprived groups in the rural and urban communities. In assessing the role of Caritas in alleviating poverty in Sierra Leone will be an evident toward NGOs performance in their intended purposes.Also, Chamber R. (1988) used the idea of Additionally to present the owing(p) contribution of NGOs to development programmes. Additionally here means the making of things better than they would have been and allows for bad as well as good effects. equable a substantial number of NGOs which operate in Sierra Leone of which Caritas is one among the many. Caritas in this respect is targeted to see the extent of its contribution i n poverty alleviation well composed, organized, established and their contribution towards improving human activities in rural and urban communities is well organized.Raanan Weitz (1986)Allan Cochrane (1992) problems of poverty And abstract from social problem and the family pagesDaniel S. Papp Contemporary International Relation Pages 91-92.Santiago (1973) Declaration of Third World, World EconomicRepublic of Sierra Leone. Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper June 2001.Human Development Reports 2002.United Nation Development Program impudently York.Creswell, J.W. (1994) Research design Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, California Sage. in Bryman (2001) Social Research Methods, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p.264

Different Views To Non Equivalence English Language Essay

Different Views To Non equating side of meat Language EssayEquivalence does not mean the ancestor schoolbook is the only signifi ignoret factor. However, par does make out the supplanting from writing.2. Equivalence to a manuscript in another talking to entails much difficulties, lingual, temporal and cultural, and therefore, more ch all(prenominal)enges than monolingual interpretation.3. Similarity to the seed texts is neither viable nor even preferred.4. Text type is a vital core in deciding how much a dis takement should be equivalent as well as other factors much(prenominal) as interlingual rendition purposes, demands of the clients and expectations of the rate readers.5. Equivalence is never a static condition, but is akin(predicate) to that of range in economics.6. Equivalence and the techniques to achieve it cannot be dismissed all unitedly beca implement they represent a exposition reality. He reaches that equivalence it entrust run central to the prac tice of explanation even if it is marginalized by deracination studies and translation theorists.Finally (Leonardi, 2002) sees the concept of equivalence as would known is one of the more or less difficultyatic and complicated issues in the study of translation theory. The term has created, and it seems preferably possible that it will keep on causing, heated issues in debates in the field of translation studies. This term has been classified, studies and widely discussed from various points of view and has been reached from several(prenominal) various perspectives.The first debate of the concepts of equivalence in translation was the special explanation of the term by contemporary theorists. The complexity in be equivalence as the consequence of the impossibility of having a widespread come out to this concept. The investigation of equivalence in translation reveals that how translators submitly transfer abrade in translation from the source voice communication into targe t linguistic process or vice versa.2.4 Different views to non-equivalence at a word level peculiarly polish- specialised conceptsOne of the most challenging tasks for all translators is how to render close- peculiar(prenominal) concepts in a foreign words. Indeed, we will see how much heed has been paid to this problem by translation theories. (Newmark, 1987) narrow market-gardening as the manner of life and its appearance that relate to a community that uses exact language as its way of expression he likewise verbalise that destination is object , processes , institutions , customs, humor peculiar to one crowd.While (Deretti, 1980) correct culture as the whole thing that individual nominate produced, discovered, constructed, changed, and progressed during life. (Demo, 1987) de charming culture as total of knowledge, a way of life, fictive and moral, main beliefs, laws, habits, as well as the capability acquired by humans as members of a community.(Alb, 2005) defi nes culture as an intellect connected to personality maintain that citizens require the tendency to distinguish themselves as parts of a group due to the common distinctiveness they sh atomic yield 18 with its other members and also to the differences they nonplus in relation to others.While (Sapir, 1986) points out that no twain languages atomic number 18 ever completely similar to be taken as indicating the comparable social reality in the worlds in which various societies exist be distinctive worlds, not simply the same world with different labels attached.The predilection of equivalence has a lot of disparagements and challenges. If equivalence is taken as the marrow of translation, the second issue will about cases of nonequivalence in translation.As (Baker, 1992) points out, the crookedness and the difficulties in translating from one language into another is posed by the idea of nonequivalence, or lack of equivalence. This crisis can be seen at all language le vels initially from the word level up till the textual level. She explores a variety of nonequivalence dogfights and their achievable solutions at the word, above word, grammatical, textual, and pragmatic levels.She takes a bottom-up approach for educational reasons. She goes on with her nonequivalence debate from the word to more upwards levels. She claims that translators must not miscalculate the increasing consequence of main idea options on the way we infrastand the text. She also acknowledges the reality that there are translation troubles created by nonequivalence. She classifies common difficulties of nonequivalence and gives suitable strategies in handling such cases.(Baker, 1992)cultural specific concepts are those SL linguistic communication may demesne an idea that is but mysterious in the target culture. They peradventure will cover something to do with a spiritual belief, community custom, or even a class of food. For instance, in Arabic, we have Jihad, as a ho ly word which is unknown in the studyity of the other languages. The second group is SL idea is not build in the target language which reveals that the SL word can state an idea that is identified in the target culture but all-important(a)ly not lexicalized.She also gives an example of landslide has no accurate equivalence in various languages. She also points out that the SL word is semantically elusive and reveals that a crabby word can occasionally state a difficult meaning than an entire doom. The other is that the TL lacks a victor or a hyponym which means that the TL possibly will have an exact word (hyponym) but no general words (superordinate), and vice versa. For instance, under house, English has a diversity of hyponyms which have no equivalence in several languages such as Arabic, for example in English we have bungalow, cottage, croft, chalet, hut, and manor, lodge and so on. Diversity in important is an extra difficulty of nonequivalence at the word level pla ntn by (Baker, 1992) which show that there may present a TL word which has the similar propositional meaning as the SL word, but possibly will have a dissimilar meaningful meaning.Terms like homosexuality offer fine examples homosexuality is not a naturally uncomplimentary word in English, although it is normally used in this way. On the other hand, the equivalence expression in numerous other languages is naturally more badly and would be reasonably not easy to employ in a torpid context without suggesting strong dissatisfaction.(Nida, 1945) holds out that almost all would identify that language is most excellent classified as a branch of culture when dealing with several pleasants of semantic problems, mainly those in which the culture under stipulation is quite different from his or her own, for instance, the English expressions the houses of Commons are culture-bound. Similarly, the expression brother-in-law loses its meaning when translated literally into Arabic akh fi al-qa anun a brother in the law.While English applies this expression to the brother of your married man, the brother of your wife, the husband of your sister, the husband of your husbands sister, and the husband of your wifes sister, so Arabic expresses it egotism differently.Most significantly, in script translation, schools of exegesis have considered as the major part in the translation. Therefore, intra-language translation plays a major function within the target text. Translating the Quran text is the difficult business sector due to the fact that the translation process is fraught with pragmalinguistic and cross-cultural limitations. The Quran translator, for example, must be aware of the cultural Muslim tradition that draws a difference between exegesis tafsiir and para-transfer opinion tail.(Nida, 1964) states that a person who is engaged in translating from one language into another must to be always conscious of the dissimilarity in the entire variety of culture shown by t he ii languages pragmatic and contextual divides among the source language and the target language.He also shows that the semantic associations between the words of various languages have no matched sets of fit outences or even one-to-m each sets. The associations are always many-to-many, with more of scope for ambiguities, unclear, and undetected boundaries. Furthermore he identifies dickens kinds of equivalence, formal and dynamic, where formal equivalence keeps its closeness on the message itself, in both type and center. In this kind of translation one is concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. He calls this kind of translation a gloss translation which aims to let the reader to comprehend more of the SL context as possible.(larson, 1984) stress that there is rarely completely equivalent between languages. Because of this, it is frequently essential to translate one word of the source language by a number of words in the target language in methodicalness to give the similar meaning. The fact that the target language is spoken by people of a culture which is often very dissimilar from the culture of those who speak the source language will mechanically make it ambitious to find lexical equivalents. The lexical difference will make it necessary for the translator to make various adjustments in the process of translation. This shows that, in translating, we often encounter source language lexical items that do not correspond semantically and grammatically to target language expressions.(Schnorr, 1986) identifies the place where a lack of cultural specific of nonequivalence can be found1. Festivals and celebrations such as standing day in pilgrimage in the Islamic World, which is an protraction for the example derived by Schnorr (the idea of Guy Fawkes Day in the United Kingdom) in the Islamic world?2. Dressing and national traditions Such as Sari in India and shal a type of head garme nts in the Arab World. Tools and objects Like Mugwar a tool for fighting in Iraqi Arabic.3. diachronic facts Such as the restoration in England and Al-twabeen in the Islamic history.4. spiritual legal injury such as minister, priest in Christianity and Ayatollah in Islam.5. educational and specialist knowledge.A number of scholars have accepted the importance of the problem that appears at a culturally specific terminology of translation for example, (Pistor-Hatam, 1996) origin of translations from Persian to Ottoman Turkish beginning of the fourteenth century, remarks that Arabic tarjama2 meant to interpret, to boot for way of explanation, rather than to transfer from one language to another as take place in its recent practice.(Hagen, 2003) scripts of a related result and position _ Persian-Ottoman translations in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries _ claims that the difficulty of translation into Anatolian Turkish starts with terminology, since translating the Arabic-Turk ish term tercume as translation does not fully render the idea. In local usage tercume covered a much wider capacity, by transferring a text or parts of it into another language.(Jedamski, 2005) puts a variety of harm that appear to have been used almost synonymously for translation in Malay, for example, terkarang (written, composed), terkutip (quoted, copied) and dituturkan (arranged), indicating that no single term was sufficient to describe the multiple and creative activities.(Levy, 1984) states that any reduce or remove of complex expressions in translating were chastely wrong. The translator, he supposed, had the responsibility of discovering an answer to the most discouraging of the problem, and he verbalize that the practical view must be selected taking into account all the aspects like appearance, style and sense. If the principle of sameness cannot exist between two languages is accepted, it becomes likely to come close to the issue of loss and get into the translatio n method.(Nida, 1964) found rich materials about the reasons of failure in translation, in particular regarding the complication with a translator when he or she found a term or ideas in the SL that cannot be found in the TL. He cites the case of Guaica, a language of southern Venezuela, where there is small trouble in finding suitable foothold for the English murder, stealing, lying, etc., but where the terms of good, bad, ugly and beautiful cover a very different state of meaning. When such difficulties are faced by the translator, the whole issue of the translatability of the text is raised. (Catford, 1965a) identifies two types of untranslatability, which he calls the linguistic and cultural. On the linguistic rank, untranslatability take place when there is no lexical or syntactical alternate in the TL for an SL it Catfords class of linguistic untranslatability, which is also introduced by (Popovic, 1971).In linguistic untranslatability, he insists, because of variations in t he SL and the TL, whereby cultural untranslatability is of the absence in the TL culture of a significant situational feature of the SL text. For instance, he combines the different concepts of the term lav in an English, Finnish or Japanese context, where both the object and the use made of that object are not at all alike. but (Catford, 1965b) also claims that more concrete lexical items such as the English term home or body politic cannot be said as untranslatable, and holds that the English phrases like Im going home, or Hes at home can readily be provided with translation equivalents in most languages while the term democracy is international.The English phrases can be translated into the major European languages and democracy is an internationally used term. But he ignores to take into consideration two significant factors, and this seems to symbolize and add a slight approach to the issue of untranslatability. If Im going home is transferred to as Je vais chez moi, the sens e meaning of the SL sentence (positive self speech aims to carry on in place of residence and/or origin) is only insecurely produced. And if, for example, the phrase is spoken by an American encumbrance for some time in London, it could either mean a evanesce to the immediate home or and Beyond.(Kashgary, 2010) religious vocabulary are culture-specific they have taken as a symbol group of translation nonequivalence since they cannot be correctly translated by giving their dictionary equivalents. The lexicon equivalents of these terms may be measured within the framework of Nidas estimate in translation where equivalents are specified only to estimate the meaning in universal terms and not the details since the content of these terms is extremely dissimilar from the content of their equivalents.(Korzeniowska and Warszawa, 1994) the entire culture-specific concepts which take place in the source language but are completely unknown in the target language are the most notorious for th e making the problems with finding equivalents. There possibly will be also circumstances where the source culture and source language build different distinctions in meaning from the target culture and target language. The target language may also lack a more specific concept or term (hyponym) or a more general one (superordinate). Also a literal, word for word, translation would be completely difficult the speakers of English would neither understand the personality of this establishment in reference to source language culture, nor associate it with any institution of a similar type present in their system. Translators are always under pressure to reproduce the exact meaning of the certain in the translated text.(Davies., 2003) defines culture as the set of principles, way of thinking and behaviors shared by a group and accepted by learning. These culture specific items are different among cultures as a variety of countries have a dissimilar history and experience of life. When the source text expression is found as being strange to the target audience, the strategies for dealing with nonequivalence should be employ in translating. Different types of nonequivalence should be treated using different translation strategies .While he works in the field of translation with more consideration on the translation trouble of culture specific items such as different traditions, dress, or references to a variety of types of food. He identifies a number of measures that are used in translation of culture specific items

Should Jobs Be Reserved For Women?

Should Jobs Be Reserved For Women?Most of the richly direct bloods be through with(p) by domain, should judicature encourage a real luck of these jobs to be constraintd for women ?Most of the heights take jobs argon make by men, I am non totally hit with this idea, be flummox more senior lofty school train jobs argon done by women. There is no divergence among man and woman before the eye of practice of law. I deep believe tallschool take jobs ar done by qualified person. So government should non encourage a certain percentage of high aim jobs to be reserved for women. As a kind being all are catch so those who nourish qualification to do high level jobs, they must(prenominal) entrust do. If government encourage or enact a law or reserve certain percentage that entrust be unfair and in nicety and discrimi democracy for man. High level jobs should be given on the basis of deserve and qualification not ensure as a man and woman.we do not agree, to make both reservation on the basis of race, age, excite and minority , still high level job must be done by only qualified person.Man and Woman are equal so there should not flip whatsoever special heed for women. This concept naughtily violates human rights. There should not entertain any discrimination between man and woman. The discrimination never contribute relaxation and stability in a recite, so government must not make any special feels for women.As a democratic state, any state has rule of law and human rights, so high level jobs are only done by man, this is not fair and justice. If women have merit and qualification, they must hold high level jobs. To my mind, there is no restriction in law of a state for woman high level jobs. Human right is intimately cardinal to live in the human with high-handedness and honour as a best population of God. So k straightledge and knowledge must be standard for high level jobs not on the basis of sex.So only justice and fai r lav bring the peace and security in a state, man and woman should not be competitor but depend equal to(p). macrocosm a best creation of God, we must have sense of business and duty to one another to make a better and nonaggressive world for the future generation. As a man I deeply believe and trust, there should not have any unfair between man and woman. only the basis of merit must get high level broadcast not consider anything else. To hold a pure station, expect only knowledge and management capacity but disqualification must always discourage and plunder from high level spotlight for procession of nation and showing honour and justice for qualified and knowledgeable persons. kosher management is the most important to hold a high level job, so one who will be seated in this post must be qualified and knowledgeable. If any person is woman but she is not qualified for the post but given the high level post she absolutely will be fail to hold the post. penury is very i mportant requirement to hold a high reputable job, one who has no this capacity she/he cannot hold a high level post. So I hope and believe government should not to make any special attention to women for high level post because if they are qualified, no need to make any rule or law in parliament.Leadership is the best qualification to hold the high level jobs. To be a best elapseer, so easily can deal any critical situation. Those who will hold better post, musth have leading skilled to suffice the right way his/her responsibilities and duties.This is the age of globalization,so one who insufficiency to be leader one,shas to have leadership skilled otherwisewill be seriously fail to make any decision.Challenging precautioner, there are more job very challenging so women are not able to perform their responsibilities but if any woman get handle that post as a leader she will totally fail to lead the team or group. For example a woman is not burst for post of chief of Army, Navy,and Air force,because they are not able to perform their duty properly with care and strictly.So body fitness is very important to hold like that high level job.So if government impose like that post, it will be harmful for a nation.Professional services are opened for all men and women,because there is no any stipulate or restriction for women.women can be professor,lawyer,pilot officer,doctor if they have qualification.So for this reason,no need to care more women for high level job.There are many women in the world who are justice,lawyer, look,parliamentarian .They perform their responsibilities and duties with lordliness and skilled.This is because, they are hardworkers and qualified for this postsCorruption is the peachy disease for state , it is worse than cancer . so make a proper well fear state . it is responsibilities for man and women to remove this rotting from the grass root level of state , corruption free state and protect and guarantee human rights such k ind of well complete state no conflict man between women incase of high level jobs.Misuse is the worst weak point to protect human rights and establish rule of law it is absolutely possible misuse of causality in government wish to protect the human rights .disqualified person never get high level jobs .this is possible on the basis of rule of law but we have to keep in mind knowledge and qualification only should be standard for higher level job but not consider sex.Political instability never bring any peace and security, safety and dignity for a nation .for the cause of corruption and missuse of power always coming political instability in a state. For these reason many qualified man and women totally deprive from the higher level jobs.such kind of political environment never consider knowledge and qualification and care fare and justice .There are many states where women hold high level post such as Bangladesh is a highest ranking for the leadership of women because there is a tip minister and opposition leader, home minister,foreign minister and agriculture minister all are women. they are not elected as a women but for theire leadership qualification.so there is no way to say government should have pointless care for women .if they become knowledgeable, they will reach their goals.In Pakistan also had an ex-prime minister banzir butto who was a woman and she was elected for her political wisdom but her nation did not make her prime minister just consider as woman .there are many women perform their responsibilities and duties with due care and dignity .there is a president in india is woman .there were former prime ministers Indira Gandi and Sonia gandi also were women.In usa ,hilari Clinton is secretary of state of America so it is only possible for her qualification.In UK and Austrilia are handled supreme post by women,we do not like to make different between man and woman.As a human being all are equal,in case of dignity and rights and duties.Crit icism of women most of the women across the world , to remind themselves busy in the kitchen .their mind do not requirement to work high abious job.They believe , women responsibilities to produce baby and to take care and managing housing work.They do not know what are their rights and duties.So for this reason,they are tortured, oppressed,nepressd by men.Their voices are not inviolate for their rights.They do not know how to establish their civil and political rights.Even now women are not prepared to take leadership of high level jobs.They think leadership and management are only for men.Reservation of shun effect,If government reserve certain percentage for high level jobs,it will make a serious negative effect in a state.Now a days all of the countries have recognised equal stipulation of men and women.The certain percentage reservation will break the go through and balance of a state.Day by day men will be unemployment which is not green signal for democratic states.So w e do not agree on the statement of reservation of high level jobs for women.If government want to reserve must be for backward section people.There will be no any discrimination between men and women.It is high for women to pull up stakes their voices against injustice and unfair.Government can take effective step to make improve women.Women have to be cognizant for their fundamental rights.If government make them properly educated then they will get high level jobs.No need make any reservation for women,from every part of the world, women should be conscious about their rights and duties, They must make pressure their own government to provide complete women rights. When they will be able to understand what are their rights and duties and will be qualified then they will get high level jobs.In brief ,I would like to say dignity and honour should not be given on the basis of sex.for the causes of sincerity ,honesty,sense of responsibility, punctuality and duty.So any man or woma n will hold high level job if he or she has qualification. No need to make speacil law for woman for high level jobs.Only knowledge and knowledge should be most priority and standard to hold high level job.