Nursing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

breast feeding paper - Essay ExampleUnfortunately, such fundamental practices are often forgotten by the forethought and in turn affect the esprit de corps of the makes. For example, in my first job as a nurse I witness and experient diminished morale among the nursing staff. I had just joined a nursing home and was working in a busy medical oncology floor. Being my first job, I was happy, confident, motivated and enthusiastic to learn. However, the other staff members were not feeling the same because shortly before I arrived there were many changes made to the unit that they were not pleased with. They had lost some nurses in the variation and the situation had not improved yet. The problem continued after my arrival and more nurses especially experienced ones left leaving the new recruits. This led to short-staffing and overworking which in turn reduced even the morale of the new nurses. Many nurses became frustrated, tired and demoralized. The staff complained of the conditi on to the management but there complaints were not perceive or at least nothing was done about them. The condition deteriorated and more nurses quit their jobs citing low morale as the cause of their leaving. The condition in the nursing home was highly blamed on the management. The management did not consult the nurses when they were making the changes in the unit.

Improving One's Writing Skills via Mastering Literal Skills Essay - 2

Improving Ones composing Skills via Mastering Literal Skills - Essay patternThe meticulously written articles in magazines and graphically vivid details illustrated by novel writers head for the hills to be attractive, and challenging in willing me to write similar pieces of literal work besides with my touch of originality.Writing began with writing letters to my fri stamp outs back in Korea and informing them of the changes and differences in culture between the two countries. The matter to part was the ability to capture the details and put them in a new language characterisation my actual emotions and interests abut a new country. I also kept a diary and a journal to document the everyday occurrences in my life, as well as all my embarrassing moments. I find writing enjoyable as I can express that which I feel without any inhibitions of offending others or having to withhold my true emotions. This is achieved through keeping a diary and writing gip stories, although not e veryone gets to read them, except my close friends and family. In addition, writing helps to think clearly by set my train of thought in sequential order for later reference. This way it helps organize my thoughts to come up with logical explanations and rational thought thus my love for writing.My writing ability is not that good yet, but I enjoy writing any works that I can think of. I recollect I hold good potential in bettering my writing skills to a higher level of communicating and interaction with the readers of my works. I think I lack the ability to draw and capture the attention of readers for encompassing periods. This is in terms of holding their attention and keeping them interested as most of my works tend to be a rollercoaster of interest and disinterest, all depending on the readers emotional and logical inclination. In this course, I take to to develop the ability to master literal skills so that my written works do not end up sounding bland, general or below pa r.

Real Property Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Real Property Market - attempt ExampleThe Centerpoint Properties in the Chicago area and AIG Global Red Estate Investment in unexampled York was involved in an Atlanta development wherein a century-old steel mill covering more(prenominal) than cxxx acres of prime downtown property was converted to mixed-use consisting of retail, office, and residential development. The US environmental Protection manner (EPA) has inventated the project for its excellence in leadership program since it encourages pedestrian traffic to and from the various uses, and its proximity to stack jump will limit traffic congestion. (Rising, 2001)The third contribution of the real estate industry is its publicity of energy conservation. Residential and commercial buildings account for more than one-third of total U.S. energy consumption. Working with the Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy, these leaders developed a program that recognizes commercial buildings which acquire s trict energy and environmental criteria that place them in the top 25% of all comparable buildings. The foremost 100 buildings to earn the Federal governments Energy necromancer rating were awarded in 2000. The Federal Energy Star Building Label program has been successful. The program served as an incentive for companies to build or renovate as many Energy Star buildings as possible. Arden and Equity Office Properties absorb in their respective portfolios more than half the buildings that fork out earned Federal Energy Stars nationwide. By making energy-efficiency investments in their buildings, these and other companies have experienced important energy savings that accrue to their tenants and make the overall buildings more valuable. The environmental advantages of building multi-unit residences lie in the opportunities to share spaces and functions. This form of sharing reduces ones footprint because it reduces ones overall consumption. For example, every family need non ha ve its own exercise and laundry facilities. (Paehlke, 2004) Another benefit is the social advantages of living in a community with spaces and things in common. Great architectural design which respects that yearning for privacy is also overt of bringing community residents together in shared gardens and playgrounds. (Ratcliffe, 2001) Real estate developers focus on hole as it has an impact on price, profit and value. Proximity to employment, schools, shopping and entertainment are important. Hence, the more wad that live in proximity to essential services, the more compact and vital the city, and the greater the opportunity for sustainable behaviour such as public transit use. (Ball, et.al., 1998) When proximity is high, more people are plenty use the transit, walk and cycle. Jeffrey Kenworthy and Peter Newman (1998) showed that there is a direct and consistent correlation between the constriction of cities and the proportion of people deciding to use public transit. The Europe an cities such as Paris, Munich and London which have overall employment and residential densities that are higher than Chicago and New York record double the transit use and half the automobile use. Their studies have shown that when proximity is high, automobile use is low. Compact urban design as in the High Park areas in Toronto or the West End in Vancouver makes sense, both economically and

The New Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The New Terrorism - hear ExampleThis modern structure is in the forms of a network, eased by information technology, the modern force out are amateurs, who in most case, collaborate in ad hoc or transitory groups, as head as the modern attitude an intensified willingness of causing mass casualties, maybe by using weapons of chemical, biological, nuclear or radiological (CBNR). Both network organizations, along with amateur participation have the perception that the spic-and-span terrorists are no longer in need of state sponsorship compared to their predecessors thereby being extremely good or at least extremely difficult in countering than its predecessor (Andrew & Kumar 2002, p.10). Terrorists have the capability and willingness of exploitation network king of organization for similar reasons as those of businesses. This is the necessitated by the information revolution, which lowers the cost of communication, thereby permitting organizations in pushing for functions out of a controlling hierarchical structure. in that respectfore, organizations are capable of flattening out their pyramids of authority, while, at the same(p) time, controlling and approaching a network form, a grouping of more or less independent, spread entities, connected by developed communications and maybe nothing more than a common reason. cause or forcing the shift from hierarchy to network happens to be the advantages acquired by an organization while transforming itself (Gutteridge 1986, p.35). It turns out to be more supple, adaptive, as well as resilient since each of its units is capable of sensing and reacting on its own in unfastened integration with the others. This increases the opportunities for the organization for learning, while reservation it extremely flexible, as well as adaptive. The organization turns out to be extremely resilient since if one or even a deed of its constituent entities get destroyed, the others are persistent therefore, a network, not like a hierarchy, is incapable of getting destroyed through decapitation. In terrorists case, there is a possibility that the loosely connected autonomous entities making up a network could be individuals, for instance Ramzi Yousef accredited for organizing the World Trade Center bombing. There is also a possibility that the entities framing terrorist networks could be large, formal, or hierarchical organizations thereby working altogether devoid of any common hierarchy or main commanding authority amongst them. No subject field what the constituents of the network are, the absence of this innermost authority or control is what makes it a network. It is this characteristic giving networks their suppleness, adaptiveness, as well as resilience, permitting them gains over organizations such as the U.S. government, which seem to be hierarchical industrial-age relics (Hallstorm 2011, p.51). An ideal practice session of manifestation of this networking happens to be the propagation of the a mateur terrorist, along with the ad hoc terrorist grouping. Amateurs collaborate with the like-minded in conducting a terrorist attack and eventually getting disbanded. They do not undergo training or other logistic backing from state-sponsors rather depend on networks of supporters, studying what is necessary from publications or the Internet or reject soldiers.

XBUS Man Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

XBUS Man - Assignment ExampleTherefore, if Davis worked overtime, it was out of his wish since he was certified of the policy. The defendant claims though Davis was the meat market manager at the North Carolina branch he utilise to work at Martinsville, Virginia sometimes and he was warned about the overtime by the supervisor at that place precisely he chose still to ignore, maybe because he enjoyed his job and wouldnt mind if he worked extra time.It is a federal justness. The law that is being litigated is the Fair Labor Standards Act section 7(a). The Act states the circumstances on which an employee can do overtime and the reward for the overtime. It categorically states that for overtime to be effective there must be an agreement between the employer and employee. For them to come up with terms, that will be binding between them, concerning the overtime. The law however put the limits on the amount of reward the employee shall receive from the employer. The amount should no t be less(prenominal) than one hundred and fifty percent as compared to what one earns per hour on a repair pay (FairLaborStandAct.pdf, n.d.). This law tries to bring harmony between the employee and employer regarding overtime. Over the years prior to the enactment of this law, employers utilise labor by using their employees as slaves, thus the government found it necessary to develop a legal framework that will ensure smooth operation and relation at workplace.The employer has a stronger design against the plaintiff that is Mr. Jerry S. Davis regarding the overtime compensation dispute. The law states very clearly that for overtime to be effective there must be an agreement between the employer and employee and in this agreement they should agree on reward. The plaintiff didnt discuss with the employer on matter concerning overtime but rather thought since the law recognizes overtime he is entitled to be rewarded. The Act only gave direction on the minimum reward

Cold war and its impact on the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

refrigerated war and its impact on the world - Essay ExampleThesis statement The evaluation of the polar War proves that the polarization of the world nations into two distinct blocs infra the United States and the Soviet Federal, its political and stintingal dissimilarities, influence of capitalism and communism, in the long time following World War two led to the bleak War, and these events developed into a Cold War because the real fight was ideological, between capitalism and communism.In the years following the WWII, the political context of the East (say, in Soviet Union and China) was totally under the stamp down of communist ideology. For instance, Soviet Union and China embraced communism as the official political ideology. On the new(prenominal) side, United States was not affected by WWII and was trying to prove the same in the global context. Besides, close of the European nations were badly affected by the after-effects of WWII. This political circumstance deepl y influenced the polarization of East under Soviet Union and china, and West under the United States, which eventually led to the Cold War. David S. Painter say that The Cold War shaped the foreign policies of the United States and the Soviet Union and deeply affected their societies and their political, economic, and array institutions (1). Unlike the European nations, United States faced less economic problems after the WWII. This helped the United States to gain splendor and priority in the international context as a superpower. On the other side, the Soviet Union and China were trying to prove that the WWII did not affect their economic backb mavens. James E. Cronin made clear that The monetary value of adapting to the realities of the cold War was at least as great, if not greater, for the Soviet Union (4). Within this context, the economic dissimilarities among the West and the East deeply influenced the polarization in the years following WWII. On the other side, one canno t neglect the influence of capitalism and communism which

Disgusting Things Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

wicked Things - Essay ExampleThe unconditional reply is the nausea that I feel after tasting it. The erudite input is feeding the soup and the teach response is vomiting as a result of eating it.Viewing rats aversions me because I am allergic to them The Unconditioned Stimulus is the factor that results in allergies like the hair, hygienics or other factors of the rat. The naive response is the resulting sickness, itching or flu that I catch. The conditioned stimulus is the rat itself and conditioned response is the feeling of disgust and loath from the rat.Once I had a monolithic portion of pasta at dinner and felt nausea. I decline eating Pasta from that day. The unconditioned stimulus is sickness caused by overeating. The unconditioned response is nausea. The conditioned stimulus is Pasta which resulted in the conditioned response that pasta caused nausea.I opened a can of pineapples and found a snail in it. I never use canned pineapples now. The conditioned stimulus cann ed pineapples resulted in an conditioned response of abstaining from the tin-packed pineapples. The unconditioned stimulus is the snail found inside the tin that resulted in an unconditioned response of disgust from tin-packed

Current event write up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current event write up - Essay Example perhaps this is because the couples ar law enforcers in the Orange County city of Yorba Linda. As the chief of Orange Countys Human dealings Commission, Kennedy tracks crimes touching the Black people who makeup only 2 % of the countys populace, but they are the most often targeted victims, year after year after year, (Banks, par 4). The story of the Yorba Linda folks hints on an unknown truth. With the pattern of non showing the case on hate crime list, shows that the police had handled case as a normal harm. (Banks, par 6).What followed was the formation of small circles by black people who shared their personal stories of contrast and the pains they went through. Most of the stories were about problems and the brutality they had with the police. Remember, these are the people they expect to protect them from harm. For instance, Bettys grandson for skateboarding in an empty parking lot was detained by the police. A police officer who sai d, I have non seen you around here before, blocked a man new to Brea near his home. Jona Knight-Hall said she was pulled more than deuce-ace times in 2007, in her new Mercedes. It was always something like Your passenger is not wearing her nookie belt properly. She rarely stopped in her old car. Nevertheless, you cannot think of driving an expensive car. People air at you like What is she doing with that? (Banks, par 13).I felt totally helpless, she said. She once attempted to file a grievance, which was alleging racial profiling. However there is nothing that you can about it. People act as if you are imagining things that do not happen in the real world.There have been a lot report cases on police brutality particularly to black guerilla family gangs. These gangs by no means should not be tolerated. The gangs are made up young black American boys who are very young. The turn off is the way police treat the gang members when they catch them. Most of the gang members die in

Accounting information systems Annotated Bibliography

Accounting information systems - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThis journal provides score information concerning the ability a bon ton to perform base on the kind of data, software engaged and the kind of people that use this data in order to make informed decisions. The researchers of this journal use empirical data from small patronage enterprises in order to determine how an organization performs based on information fed on an accounting system information system. For example, the researchers highlight that managers and other users like analysts, auditors, investors and consultants rely on financial information, there is need to use high quality software in order to make informed decisions. Furthermore, software programs washbasin be built to be able to uniquely satisfy a companys needs based on various factors like company size, complexity or sensitivity of financial information. Generally, the journal highlights that accounting information system software enables users to access reliable information in an effective manner. Interested readers can use this journal to acquire knowledge on the performance measures of an information system.

Describe your professional goals and how your chosen major relates to Essay

Describe your schoolmaster goals and how your chosen major relates to these goals. Is there a professional in your field of choice who might lot as your federal agency - Essay ExampleThis would cater to people who compulsion to beautify themselves, eat well, and harbor time for relaxation in this humanity of rush. I alike want to own the Miss cosmea Organization. This follows the same trend as mentioned previously. This gives people the opportunity to see, all over the world, beautiful ladies who also business about other peoples needs as to when they are asked, what they would like to do.I want to help in various areas of research to help cure many diseases. This research will direction in the following diseases diabetes, leukemia, breast cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Supporting researchers in these areas will help in legal profession measures, maintenance/control, and cure. My desire is to also help combat mendicancy. in that location are too many poverty stricken people around the world. Measures to alleviate poverty should be one of the aims entrepreneurs should have while conducting their business. It is arrive at that corporations make donations and it is also clear that they are tax exempt however, more needs to be done. There is never enough.Working with Adoption Agencies that work with dwarf children and with orphanages is one of my most interests. Children all over the world need attention. They need to feel comfort given their present situations. I would like to build schools in India and in Africa to be in a position to educate children. To give them the opportunities that others take for granted and enjoy.My role model is Donald Trump. He is a wise man, kind, calm, intelligent, thinks quickly, and he is not regularly seen in the tabloids. He is also a successful entrepreneur who owns the Miss Universe Organization.I want to be this kind of person. I want to be an entrepreneur, make donations, become part of the process, and see to it that chan ges are made to help others in their crisis. I want to be in a position where decision

Case Study attached Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Attached - Case Study ExampleThis is because the sharing process of the information resulted in credit of individual concerns. However, I would have acted as a mediator and invite both Maggie and William in the mediation table. The mediation process would then result in solving of the pertinent issues between Maggie and William.The pertinent leading issues pertinent in this case are problem solving and team leading and management. This is because Tim, who was managing the diabetes clinic, was faced with a challenge of resolving the kinship conflict between Maggie and William. In addition, Tim was not in a localisation to create and manage an effective team for the diabetes clinic staff members.In order to manage this situation, I would correspond that I develop the team effectively. This would include identification of weaknesses, strengths, and talents of the staff members (Pingree, 2011). Further, I would embrace the element of communication, which would urge on in decision- making, and sharing of information. This would create an good culture where employees respect each other.The significant issue in the case was team building and management. This is because the staff members in this clinic could not work in unison. In additional, ethical culture was a significant issue in the case. This was evidenced by the conflict in the relationship between Maggie and

Financial system and interimediaries Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

fiscal system and interimediaries - Coursework ExampleFinancial institutions act as intermediaries and they determine the flow of funds. Financial regulators monitor the participants in the pecuniary system.Conditions. Banks will always want to know how the borrower intends to use the loan. They will also check on whether the economic conditions will enable the customers make enough income to comfortably repay the loan (Wells Fargo, 2015).Financial intermediator is a financial institution that connects individuals with surplus finances with individual with deficit finances. The individuals with excess finances be savers while those with deficit finances are borrowers. The savers give the money to a financial intermediary and the financial intermediary transfers the money to spenders through loans or mortgages. Examples of financial intermediaries include banks, private equity, venture hood funds, leasing companies, gift funds, insurance companies, financial advisers and brokers, collective investments schemes, building societies and micro-credit providers (Robert E.W et. al., 2012).A venture capital is a financial capital provider that provides financing to start-up businesses that suck in high chances to succeed. The venture capital makes money by owning equity in the financed business.A building society is a financial institution that is owned by members as a common organization. Building society of most banking services such as saving and loans especially on mortgages. The profits generated by the building society are distributed among members depending on their share ownership of the building society.A collective investment scheme is a professional arrangement that enables investors to collectively pool funds and have these monies managed by professionals. Collective investment schemes invest in a wide range of investment therefore spreading their risks. They can invest in bonds and quoted equity, real estate and in transport and

Solitaire Mystery by Jostein Gaarder Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Solitaire whodunit by Jostein Gaarder - Thesis ExampleThe genre of this countersign is unclear. Some analysts take aim it is a fable, novel, fairy baloney, theoretical and more. Jostein Gaarder is well known for his opposite work in the al-Quran Sophies World. Gener entirelyy, Gaarder is only interested in the ideology that populate should think and notice that they are alive. In addition, the people should appreciate the environment they live in citing that the world is a fascinating place. The book The Solitaire Mystery requires thought, as the ideas in it require a good consideration and concentration. As such, several analysts would claim that interpreting this book is not easy however, for students and re anticipateers it serves as a very good reference. The book is controversial and ane could think that it is written for the younger generation only. However, after thorough reading and understanding this book, one finds that in that respect are hidden meanings and conc epts that are very useful. For the interested disassembleies in reading this book, one of the requirements is close guardianship since complications may rise especially when a reader discovers that on that point are stories within a story. due(p) to the cleverness of the text, intelligence is required for any interested reader. The solitaire mystery consists of two seemingly soften stories which include Hans doubting doubting Thomas and the sticky bun book.Twelve year overaged Hans Thomas goes on a search for his mother. Accompanying him is his father from their home town in Norway to Greece. Han is unaware that his life would be changed forever. Hans Thomas leave alone discover a whole new world filled with mystery. The protagonist takes the readers on a journeying as he uncovers the truth about existence and living as he makes the journey with his father. However, Hans Thomas s father had some unethical behavior like smoking which he taught his son and there were instance s that they both made stops to smoke together as they journeyed. While stile on their journey, a crazy bearded man gives Hans Thomas a magnifying glass and tells him that he will need it. After a short while Hans Thomas and his father stop in a roadside cafe where Hans Thomas gets a giant sticky bun to eat on his journey. Hans Thomas gets surprised when he finds a tiny book that has small writings that cannot be read with naked eye. Hans starts reading the small book with the aid of the magnifying glass. The Books writing was too small to be read with the naked eye so he begins to read the tiny book using his new magnificent glass. As Hans Thomas continues to read the small-minded book, he discovers that there is a huge connection between him and the sailor described in the book. For example, there is a scene where the sailor finds himself on an island whereby a deck of separate mysteriously come to life. With the attention of the magnifying glass, the sticky bun book becomes mo re interesting as he continues to read it in secret. Generally, the story focuses on a mysterious tale in a strange island, A man by the name Frode owns a pack of cards as well as a drink and in his strange manner, he thinks he can drink anything. As Hans reads, there is the realization that the book has corresponding implications in his own life and that in a strange manner, he is also a part of the tale it unfolds. A string of strange events occurs on the journey. The sticky bun book In the book sticky bun, there is a storyline of an old baker who is given an amazing drink by the grandfather. The drink came from an island that the grandfather was shipwrecked on as a young man. In this island there is also an old sailor by the name Frode and 50-three other people. Despite not having names the 50 three other people referred to themselves as the numbers of cards (52 cards plus a joker). The red suits are all the women apart from the kings and jacks, whereas all the black suits are a ll the men except for the queens and aces. Frode then developed a crush on the ace of hearts because she was enchanting even though she was forever losing herself. The cards equal to the 50 three

Article Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Report - Essay ExampleThe sequential, evolutionary aspect of experiences everyplace time attaches the notion of a moving perspective on gos. Thus, not only does it transcend organizational dynamics in the new economic, technological and social realms, but goes beyond systemic boundaries. As it is, therefore, a persons charge is a key life constituency evolving around excogitate and time. Apart from the homework of income, work offers a sense of purpose, challenge and self-fulfillment. It is a source of interactive life challenges via social networking that often powers on creativity with a sense of identity as an end result. Quite simply, course is a life journey with either the choice of a beaten channel or another to sail (Baruch, 2004). Andolsens article entitled Six Steps to Your flourishing Career Path is an informative career guide that engenders navigation principles of self-assessment, decision making and life planning towards a successful career path for R IM professionals. Notably, the multifaceted approach of the modern career training is pushing the employer to the periphery out of the mainstream prevail of employee-skills (Baruch, 2003). The circumstantial phenomenon leaves expertise as the most treasured and sought-after strategic pick by the employer (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 2002 Andolsen, 2008). With a background of a dusty filing system, the scarcity of the prized resource has informed a organise career path for RIM practitioners aimed at attaining relevance in an era of a digitized managerial control. In a bid to start off RIM practitioners towards the foregoing painstaking journey, Andolsen provides a useful six-step career planning framework fully fitted with self-evaluative mechanisms for a dynamic career prospects (Andolsen, 2008). Six Steps to a Successful Career Path Self-Assessment Career is essentially a vehicle for the realization of the self. More accurately, it is a vehicle through which the idiosyncratic begins a constructive conception of the self in the sense of the world (Adamson, 1997). It is no wonder, therefore, that the interrogation of the self begins Andolsens six-step career planning framework for the actualization of a successful career in the field of Records and Information Management (RIM) (Andolsen, 2008). Accordingly, understanding oneself entails a thorough dissection of the inner strengths and weaknesses, which includes but is not limited to personality and attitudes, skills and achievements, knowledge and learning style, values, interests and entrepreneurism. Essentially, this crucial step lays bare the physical, emotional, intellectual, motivational characteristics that define the individual and personality. Occupational Research The above mentioned traits have a direct relationship with an individuals work competencies. It is, therefore, imperative for personal, career interests and skills profile to have a matching relationship with positions available in the railway line market (Andolsen, 2008). Notably, such positions surface and disappear with the trending economic and technological shifts. Thus, to prevent false starts, career seekers should remain realistic in their career pursuits by updating their jobs skills through a fast, hands-on approach to precious information. From simple web search to job shadowing, aggressiveness may prove a valuable resource in investigating options available in line with the personal traits. Decision

Reflection on clinical simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on clinical simulation - Essay ExampleThe patient situation we atomic number 18 going to analyse involves a patient who was diabetic under observation as shown below using the 5 Rs. reporting This patients declivity sugar level was at 16mmol and he was on an insulin infusion with an hourly observation for his blood sugar levels. He also had a naso-gastric tube in place with blood pressure under a two hourly observation routine and he was due for an roentgen ray on that specific day at 2 p.m. When dealing with the patient he was not savour and in hassle, his naso-gastric tube was not in place. As a result, we should have attended to the patient direct as instructed by the doctor which unfortunately we did not.Responding Our first duty was to respond to the patients needs and I organism in charge of the other nurses should have advocated for response to be undertaken immediately. We should have parcel outed the normal saline dit immediately and stayed with the patien t and give support to reduce anxiety. Anxiety is usually known for heightening disorder and staying with the patient while relieving and stroking him would assist in relieving the ail since distraction assists in reducing pain (McGuire 86).Relating Due to my experience as a healthcare professional, I should have been able to relate pain and psychological experience caused by anxiety. I would have applied a stop gap time for the pain. Apart from administering drugs, I would have made the patient comfortable and re-assured him that the pain would go away soon. Since these non-pharmacological interventions are effective in relieving pain compared to the use of drugs (Lester 89).Reasoning Based on this situation, the ultimate goal was for us to relieve pain and prepare the patient for an x-ray. Therefore, the best practice would have been to make use of painkillers and administer insulin and monitor his vital signs. In this case, monitoring blood sugar level and pressure while at the same time checking on the patients pain

Wu zholiu's orphan of asia and taiwanese students studying in japan Essay

Wu zholius orphan of asia and minute students studying in japan - Essay ExampleThis one is a masterpiece that chinawareese literary works shall always cherish.The minute Literature, as we know it today, developed in 1920s. The writers during that period reflected on Japans role as a colonizer, Wu Zhouliu does the same. The Taiwanese literature was as influenced by the culture of Japan, which was forced by Japan, as by the need to voice its identity. The Taiwanese literature was trying to break the image of Taiwan as extended Japan while at the same time most of the works were in either Japanese or usually had element of Japanese. Wu Zhouliu, too, was much better in Japanese than in Chinese tho his works were rebellious, indicating Japanese as oppressors of Taiwanese. The Taiwanese literature was a means for pacifist(prenominal) rebellion, after the violent methods to drive Japanese out of their land failed, and the task is successfully carried forward by Orphan of Asia. Thus, the work not just adds on to the main reason for evolution of Taiwanese literature-rebellion against their colonizer, but it also takes up the task of representing Taiwan under Japan as it was to the future generations.Taiwan was busy by Japan from China for fifty years (1895-1945) before it was handed over to China again. As long as Taiwan was the colony of Japan, Taiwanese remained neither Japanese nor Chinese. Their identity as Taiwanese was all too obliterated. This situation of Taiwanese is well depicted in Orphan of Asia, where the protagonist-Tai-ming was confused round his identity. The writer uses the word orphan to indicate that with no identity of its own Taiwanese were orphan, they had been separated from their mother-China, and their colonizers never accepted them as one of them. Not just were they separated from their root (China), but also their roots never accepted them back. Tai-ming believes that his roots are in China and hence is ready to make every sacrifice for his roots but it is ironic that he shall not disclose

Outline the Roman Empires attitude to Christianity Essay Example for Free

Outline the papist Empires attitude to Christianity EssayQ Outline the Roman Empires attitude to Christianity until the end of the first century.The Christian church from its fountain has faced m any(prenominal) challenges as a result of external influences one of the most important of these influences was the persecution of the Christian people by the Roman Empire. From the class 64AD onwards the church was persecuted by the Roman authorities in an intermittent and sporadic manner, non on account of their beliefs, but was a result of chance and circumstance. Christianity was natural come forth of Judaism and appeargond as an entity after the death of Christ. Of course Jews of the time felt threatened by the takings of Christianity as a conviction, and so the earliest persecutions of Christians occurred at the hands of Jewish Sadducees, who branded Christians blasphemous.Indeed it is unaccented that the Jews played a part in persecution of Christians as late on as AD156 in the persecution of Polycarp. The persecution of Christians in the first century by Jews however were minimal in comparison to the much more widespread and systematic persecutions by the Roman authorities from the year AD64 onwards. Before this date Christians were accepted as a national sect of Judaism, and indeed they enjoyed the status of religio licita- a lawful or tolerated faith. The Roman Empire pull down protected more Christians against Jewish attack in the earliest years. This all changed however in the year 64AD, during the direct of the emperor Nero.See more 5 paragraph essay format 64AD was by ecumenical concurrence of early Christians, the beginning of imperial repression of Christianity. This fact was supported by early Christian writers such(prenominal) as Tertullian, Eusebius and Sulpicus Severus. This date coincides with the fire of Rome, a devastating blaze which destroyed almost half of the city.The ethnic writer Tacitus reports to us in 115 of the fac t that Despite Neros efforts the accusation that the fire was ordered could not be quashed. The mounting suspicion had a disastrous effect on Neros popularity (which had been very high forward then), so Nero set about searching for a scapegoat. Christians were perfect candidates for a number of reasons they were a comparatively new group that were small in number and there was already an air of suspicion contact allegations of anti loving behaviour. However the actual circumstances may have been more complex than willing never be understood by ourselves, as banks points outThe reasons behind the persecution of Christians included religious,political and social factors which were so inter-related and inter-dependantthat it would be historically misleading to separate them out as isolatedissues.There are however some other opposing views on the exact circumstances of the fire of Rome. Critics such as Frend have argued that it is possible that Nero originally put blame on the Jewis h community, who in turn deuced Christianity. Yet other critics have also apprizeed that the fire may well have been started by Christian extremists, anxious to fulfil apocalyptic prophecies.The first persecuted Christians were cathexisd with arson and as Tacitus tells us, immense in number, this charge apparently changed to a charge of hatred for the human race. This in itself indicates the immense suspicion of the Roman universe of discourse towards Christianity and the ability of Roman authorities to exploit this. Wand indicates to us the state of Roman perceptions of Christianity after Neros reignBy the end of the reign of Nero the state had settled down to an attitude ofsuspicion towards the church.The persecutions themselves were reported to be gruesome and perverse in nature by Tacitus among others. They were deliberately devised to create amusement for the public as well as humiliate the incumbent. Accounts included victims organism covered with the hides of dogs and bea sts and set upon by dogs, being crucified and being used as streetlights to illuminate the darkness. Even Tacitus the most ardent of anti Christian writers, could not service of process but feel pity for them.There is much dispute over the bushel that Neros persecution had on the Christian church. Some feel that it represents the beginning of Christianitys status as an illegal religion, and that it set the case in point for a unless 2 centuries of imperial persecution. What is certain is that the church lost many of its influential early leaders during Neros reign, including St rotating shaft and St Paul as reported by Eusebius. Some commentators believe that without the writings of early evangelists, the Christian faith may have disappeared altogether. After Neros removal from office there was a period of considerable well-bred unrest within the Roman Empire, and therefore Christians were not seen as an important priority.It was not until the reign of Domitian that persecution of Christians began in earnest. This time though the persecutions were different in nature in that he did not search out the Christian community as a group but sought out individuals by stealth. Domitian is describe by Bernard asA jealous man who went in fear of his life. He kept author(like Stalin in Russia) by a series of sudden blows againstthose who he felt were plotting against him.There is evidence to suggest during the end of his reign Domitian began to fervently persecute the Christian community as a whole. Showing the mans mystic paranoia and distorted frame of mind. The ancient writer Suetonius writes of the Gladiator Glabrio who was executed by Domitian on Christian charges, although the accepted reason was the Emperors apparent jealousy of his abilities, underlining the unstable nature of Domitians personality.It is widely regarded by many critics such as Banks that a possible source of conflict between Domitian and the Christian church was his enthusiasm for the imp erial cult, and therefore he persecuted them because of their refusal to accord him divine honours. However it still remains in dispute whether Domitian persecuted Christians at all. The early church writer Dio Cassius, wrote from Bythinia, a strong Christian province and yet he never mentions any of Domitians victims as Christians. Furthermore, Pliny, a lawyer working in Rome at the time of Domitians reign tells Trajan many years later that he had never been involved in a Christian trial. This indicates at least(prenominal) that Domitians persecution was not exactly widespread or for reaching, if it existed at all.There is little doubt of the immense impact the early persecutions had on the growth of the Christian church. While some argue that it has helped the church in its growth, others get that it has actually hindered the churches growth. Tertullian observes the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church. I believe that because of the limited nature of early persecutions they did not in earnest slow down the expansion of Christianity. What is certain though is that the persecutions at the hands of Nero and Domitian set a precedent for future Christian persecution.

Is Chinua Achebe Correct in Asserting That Heart of Darkness Is Essentially a Racist Novel Essay Example for Free

Is Chinua Achebe position in Asserting That Heart of Darkness Is Essentially a Racist Novel EssayChinua Achebes expresses his view on Heart of Darkness as an essentially racial novel and he is objurgate in saying this. His essay focuses mainly on the portrayal of the Congo as an other cosmea in which Conrad describes it to be an antithesis of Europe and the European standards and overall of civilisation as a whole. The racism presented by Conrad in the novel is evident through his manipulation of position and dehumanisation of the native Africans as discussed in Achebes essay. Joseph Conrad manipulates the perspective of the reader and the attitude they have towards the natives and Europeans alike through the bestowal of human verbalism to Europeans and the withholding of it from the Africans, as Achebe explains. When comparing the description of the two women, the African womanhood and European woman, the reader is adapted to depict a subtle yet definite oddment in t he way each womans expression is characterised. The African woman, who is seen to be as a mistress to Mr Kurtz, is illustrated as a truly mysterious figure with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose qualification her character unidentifiable.Whereas the European woman is talked about more clearly and the reader can easily recognise her character because she is condition emotions and feeling, she had a mature capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering. In Conrad characterising each woman in such varied ways, the reader feels as though the European woman is more relatable as opposed to the native woman who is not expressed with feelings. This lack of human expression in the description of the African woman, as commented on by Achebe, created a noticeable barrier between the complexity of natives and Europeans.For the most part, the natives are not condition any parley alone instead their speech is replaced with a violent babble of uncouth sounds. Achebe however, r efers to two significant parts of the novel when native Africans are keep backn English dialogue. These are when the cannibals request the manhood to eat, catch im. Give im to us. . As well as the famous announcement, Mistah Kurtzhe dead. When first read, the reader thinks of these as high points for the natives because they appear to be at the same level as the Europeans in damage of getting dialogue ithin the novel. Chinua Achebe opposes this by stating that in reality they constitute some of his best assaults as these examples of dialogue in fact degrade the natives. This changes the readers perspective into assume that through the use of grunts and garbled speech they are inferior and inarticulate in comparison to the phrase employ by the Europeans. This difference in amount and quality of dialogue between the Africans and colonising Europeans contributes to making Heart of Darkness an essentially a racist novel.The novel reveals the Africans beingness reduced to metaphori cal expanse of dangerous and dark jungle of animals into which the European colonists venture. Chinua Achebe is correct in criticising Heart of Darkness as a racist novel, this is seen particularly through Conrads dehumanisation of the Congolese natives. Throughout the novel Conrads descriptions of the natives are used to create the idea of uncivilised, tike being whom cannot be of the same standards as the Europeans. Conrads most effective way of dehumanising the African slew is through his use of imagery, a whirl of black limbs, as mass of hands.This does not give the impression that these are human beings but instead that they are just parts of humans, therefore making them seem incomplete and inferior in comparison the way Europeans are described. This imagery is also eventful when Conrad describes native workers as decaying machinery, this creates the image that the Congolese are not valued as humans, as Europeans are, but rather as disposable articles who can easily be repl aced after they have done their work. The language choices in which Conrad has made also have a great impact on the way the natives are perceived.By using phrases such as the beaten nigger groaned somewhere, the Congolese natives are referred to in a very uncivilised manner. A way in which no European would ever be described leads the reader to believe that the Africans are in fact inferior to the Europeans, making them less of a human. These descriptions make it evident that Conrads writing involving the natives made them appear beast-like and savage therefore dehumanising them in a way that can only be seen as racist.Although these racial depictions may not be used to knowingly dehumanise and objectify the Congolese people, Chinua Achebe rightly criticises Heart of Darkness as a racist novel. The constant comparison between the two cultures, African and European, are simply explained as one being civilised whereas the other is portrayed as savage. The unavoidable reality that Conr ads descriptions of the natives were accurate expressions of the European perspective justifies Achebes assertion that Heart of Darkness is essentially a racist novel.

The Kite Runner Essay on Literary Value Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner Essay on Literary take account EssayKhaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner relies too heavily on coincidence consequently, surrealism masks the smart. Though the novel portrays the cruelty of the Taliban and poverty in Afghanistan, Hosseinis reliance on coincidence lessens its literary value as the novel descends into ridiculous and unrealistic plot twists. As critic Edward Hower notes, such plot twists are purify suited to a folk tale than a modern novel.Hosseini thickly foreshadows the plot line and in doing so, uses coincidence as a form of simplicity. He thus not only insults the intelligence of the reader, scarcely also lessens the novels literary value by using contrived plot twists. When emeer randomly starts talk of the town to a homeless man in the street of a devastated Kabul, for example, he learns that the homeless man was a former university professor who, coincidentally, taught with ameers long deceased commence.Amir learns more about his mothers characteristics from the homeless man that she was profusely skilful than he did from Baba, his father. This coincidence consoles Amir during his archetypal shadow journey through Kabul, and further lessens the novels literary value because it uses a ridiculous incident in an taste to relieve the readers anticipation of absolute chaos and turmoil. Instead, the plot transforms into a surrealistic write up in which the reader still anticipates a typical night journey. Hosseini even attempt to excuse his compose flaw through Amir, who explains that while the incident may seem coincidental, such random meetings occur very much in Afghanistan.When Amir learns his former childhood nemesis, Assef now the emblem of Hitler, who ironically was Assefs childhood voice model keeps Sohrab hostage, the plot line spirals into a folk tale. Reality seems even more surreal. Just as Assef threatens and molests Hassan, he now ironically threats and molests Hassans child.When Assef and Amir fi ght, Sohrab defends Amir by skillfully using his arbalest to injure Assefs eye similarly, Hassan uses a slingshot to threaten Assef and protect Amir from Assef. After Amirs surgery due to injuries from the fight, a scar appears above his lip this parallels Hassans scar aft(prenominal) a surgery that fixed his hare-lip. Ultimately, these ironies and coincidences demonstrate little literary mastery.Amir finally redeems himself from betraying Hassan when he altruistically flies a kite for Sohrab. He does so in an attempt to give Sohrab the will to have sex again. Before he runs a kite for Sohrab he echoes Hassans words by saying for you, a thousand times over. This scene ultimately draws too many parallels the novel ends on a surrealistically happy note which devalues the overall Afghani tragedy. The tragedy ends on a ridiculous note by suggesting Amir redeems himself by acting like, and having the characteristics of, Hassan. The plot twists throughout the novel present more literar y flaws than literary value.

American Experience in Huck Finn Essay Example for Free

American Experience in huck Finn EssayAll modern American Literature comes from one platter by Mark span c whollyed huckabackleberry Finn.. claimed Ernest Hemingway, a American author and journalist. This quote represents the inclination and perception of Huckleberry Finn as a defining irregular in American Literature, a time when a virgin civilisation was being formed westernmost of the Atlantic that had m each different subjects and characteristics than that of the literature in Europe. What makes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn so original and such a bureau of America is that whatever Huckleberry Finn, the character, is about or can be defined by, is what America was all about. by dint of this complex character, Mark Twain was able to create a new American capture and evidence the reader all about it. The main characteristics of the American make out that Mark Twain represented through with(predicate) this character included a sociable commentary on the south ern culture and its response to thrall and its general antebellum culture, the character that defines America and how America defines its spirit and the freedom from it, and the new anti-materialistic hero. The opening of the book deals with the most serious issue depicted the idea of thraldom and the response of the southerners to its in notwithstandingices.The majority of the American experience of slavery and its response are sh avouch through the relationship between the main protagonist, Huck and his friend Jim. When Jim rootage approaches Huck to tell him that he has run away from his master Huck replies, People would call me a low d give birth Abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum- but that dont make no difference. I aint agoing to tell.. (1379). In a time when it was illegal to aide slaves in their escape, Huck was just beginning to start his moral dilemma of his loyalties to the law, and his friendship with Jim.This brings about a side subscriber line on the A merican experience of slavery that is non as developed as the response to slavery in Huck and that is how does a person act and tone in a society in which they have friends that can become slaves. In many Abolitionist books and essays at the time, the reader was directed to feel for the slave as a man, as a brother. They used emotions to show the hardships of the slaves and play upon the guilt of the bloodless American to end slavery. In Huckleberry Finn, Twain asked the reader to determine how they would act on slavery when they proverb their friends under servitude.This was a large issue because it brings out personal alliances with cultural alliances of the south. However, the main American experience Twain is trying to develop on slavery is not the personal relationship and whether or not slavery was a terrible issue, it was the southerners response to slavery. This is exemplified by two separate exercises. The first is with slavery and Jim, and the irregular is with Hucks abusive and drunken father who would lay drunk with the hogs in the tanyard (1359). Both of these issues were just symbols of the southern distorted culture of the time.A culture that could enslave a man, calls themselves good Christian men, and indeed falls asleep drunk. What is peculiar about this sassy is not unavoidably Twains feelings regarding the faith of this culture. It is fairly obvious that he disapproves of such and shows that it is a morally defunct society, but rather what makes this novel truly representative of the American experience is showing how even someone who is not morally lessened acts upon it. Huck, who is shown through his helping of Jim and his friendship with Jim, clearly understands the injustice of slavery and the immoral acts his father does.What does he do about it though? Does he seek to transform this southern society through work or a mini-revolution? No, he just simply moves along. This is the central irony of the book, and thus represented of one of the ironies of the American experience in the 19th century. Huck Finn chooses to leave intact this society that is clearly in fatality of change, and just simply leaves the place behind. It shows that he is against slavery and the ideals of the south and thus wont have it off in it, but he also wont change it. This was one of the most braggart(a) experiences of America in the 19th century.Many whites disagreed with slavery, but if it did not affect their lives, as they were not necessarily the culprit or the victim, they just went on living their lives. The most common feature of this novel is movement. temporary hookup this was crucial in developing the irony that was the southern response to slavery, it is also important in itself. In this novel, the main characters are always going somewhere, leaving a place in which they didnt the like or had a bad experience, and moving on to the next. This sense of freedom from nature was feature that is intelligibly American.I n the novel, the river was acentral metaphor as it brought them food, their pot, but also gave them a means of transportation. The American experience of traveling for the sake of traveling and expanding yourself in nature is shown from their experiences with movement in the river. Huck Finn was a character who is always in motion, always free. This was seen by the fact that he did start out the escape trying to provide freedom for Jim up the river, but when they passed Cairo he did not stop. In fact, the new route would take them to New Orleans, a slave-trading capital of the south at the time (Johnson).The freedom that nature provided Huck was seen by his depiction of the nights on the raft as Its lovely to live on a raft. We had the sky, up there, all speckled with stars.. (1423). This freedom brings a release from the world of land, the towns where people were entrapped in a cycle of guns, alcohol, and racism. He does not see in moral meaning in nature like the transcendental ists of the time, rather it was an escape of the modern world, a place to have pleasant feelings. This freedom is an American experience. In just a purely physical sense, America has the opportunities for freedom.Vast lands, ample rivers, defined seasons all allow the American to seek freedom from society. This is something that was not seen in Europe as you were subjected to just your own countrys land through language, cultural, and physical barriers. This idea of jumping on a raft and finding your freedom, both spiritually as in the case of Huck and physically in the case of Jim, is something that represents a true American experience. This myth of the open frontier continued in writing for decades to come, a myth that would allow the individual American to escape the rapidly growing urban centers that were developing an unlettered middle-class.The last particularly American subject is the hero of the novel himself, Huck. Huck is envisioned as this wild-eyed anti-society anti- inheritance hero. In coming-to-age novels of the time, many were determined to show the process the character mature, moving past their youthful selves and into a role of social acceptance of culture. Huck represents a new American subject, on who speaks as he wishes, and does as he wants. Because of his traveling lifestyle, Huck does not concern himself with inheritance or property for any matter.What mattered most for Huck in the story was the materials that made the journey possible. He was not concerned with his social class, his need for a life with a wife, kids, and money. This metaphor represents the American Anti-materialistic culture that was forming, and thus Twain depicted it as such in his story. The sense of anti-conformity culture was the subject, a view that was depicted primarily by Huck. To combat the idea that Huck was just a child, and this is how he was supposed to act, Twain introduces two characters.The Duke and Dauphin, con-artists who fishing rig people out of their money by performing productions represent the free nature, the anti-materialistic culture that Huck represents. part these two do act in order to obligate money, the goal of the money is not to obtain a higher social order, but to carry on in life. It supplies their thirst for fun. This was seen when after a heist, the Duke asks to count the money so that they can take and give it to the girls (1451). This shows that they went about their plan yes for the money, but the money was not an object that they desired it is what it can be immediately used for that defines it.This was against the European experience of inheritance and the desire to better oneself in a Victorian fashion, and represented an American subject. Huck finds out passim the story and the encounters with the people in the towns, how to live in order to escape the social conformity, thus creating his own identity. This idea of putting your obligations to you self-creation and fun, and not to the creation of a self that is defined by community or cultural standards was an effective approach to an American subject.In an extended metaphor, Huck Finn and his friends and acquaintances represent an American subject. Their reactions to slavery represent the blind eye and unwillingness to put about change in the southern culture of slavery and racism, a subject that would arguably represent the south to this day. At the same time, the river which took them away from their culture as opposed to fighting it, also represents the freedom of America, a subject Twain makes sure he repeats throughout the novel.Lastly, the characters themselves represent a new age of anti-materialism, a staunch contrast to the European idea of self-betterment for the sake of culture and standing. In all, these metaphors all show a new American subject. Cited Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Harper iodin Volume American Literature. Ed. McQuade et al. New York Longman. 1999. 1355-1522 Walter Jo hnson, Soul by Soul Life Inside the Antebellum striver Market, Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 2 and 6.

Introduction to Computer Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Computer Information Systems EssayComputer softw ar is no longer a major barrier to widespread character of piano tuner nurture systems.IntroductionTo sleep with about the connection of these topics it is must to know about the link between these phrases as well as the basic concept of these two. Firstly, to know what is calculating machine softw ar and wireless Information systems and then secondly to question their effects upon each other. Computer software is basically some programs or events that are written yet to achieve sure functions by the software engineers. Events are the set of steps that are written and unite to make a program. Now thither arises a question that what is a program then the firmness of purpose of this question is that Programs are basically a set of rules and instructions on the basis of which a computer act to achieve certain functions. To perform a specific set of actions on computers intelligently or normally is the basic need to write a program.Wireless Information systems are basically the systems that employ wirelessly. What is Wireless and why and how question arises then? Wireless, as its name, shows that it means some sort of stockpile of data and discipline among wireless devices without using wires. It contribute be habituated in form of mobiles, organisers, and on large scale Radio is the example of it. Wireless information systems can be the freewheel of mobiles, wireless devices, and networks. The device used for it is basically a device that is installed first and then it can be used. (Wireless network and information processing system, 2008)Certain DependenciesIn case of Wireless information systems, there are certain dependencies. Among those dependencies some of them are very basic and arethe mobility of the user mobility of the resourceExplanationThese dependencies can be differentiated in a way that in case of user mobility it can be in the form of traveling user whereas the c ase with the second dependency is that a network if created among tenfold PDAs and now in this case, if the PDAs are moving. Along with this dependency, there is certain other as well. Just to be a focus on the actual behavior of the wireless and then wireless information systems only two are mentioned here to emphasize the main and most-valuable factors affecting the wireless in general.Important features to consider aboutThere are certain tendencies that are important to know about these systems. According to these, Information systems have to develop first. While developing these systems a software engineer needs to know the protocols (specific rules of dealing on networks) and standard to follow up on them and then to develop finally (Feldman, 2007). There are certain standards that need to follow while considering wireless. In this way, there appears a need to select a standard according to the type of wireless information system. Those standards are as followsIEE802.11IEE802 .11aIEE802.11bIEE802.11gIEE802.16IEE802.16aOpen AirHome basedBlue tooth basedDiscussion afterwards implementation of these steps, architecture to develop a software program is required. When these wireless systems developed then these should vie with the hassle fairly in real time. If an architecture of software program is designed in such(prenominal) a way that it is safe for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then an information system can work well. If there are leaks in the design and programming tactics and technology implementation then there would be a roofy of leak in the system as well that result in a very bare or drastic problem. In this way, it can say that software programs that developed to resolve a problem need attention in all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is reliable and portable, efficient and of gruelling func tionality then fulfill the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real-time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better results.The use of wireless information systems is beneficial for the companies and organization in various ways, first of all, it is accessible in nominal resources. It reduces the time and mobility issues problem and enhances the productivity of the organization in this regard.(Wireless Networking in the developing world session 2007)The use of wireless management systems can improve the effectiveness of applying multiple procedures. An output of these procedures when resulted in a ethical form then increased or enhanced the productivity of the organization in a agile manner. Well, reputed industries, companies, and organizations are referring towards these wireless information systems that are very fast growing. Along with all this, there are still new advancements are just coming on the way to increase the quality of the projects or to attain the benefits of the technologies as much as it can be.ReferencesPhillip M. Feldman (2007), Emerging Commercial Mobile Wireless engine room and Standards Suitable for the Army http//www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR960/index.htmlWireless network and information processing system, (2008), Wireless network and information processing system, 2008 http//www.freepatentsonline.com/7433699.htmlWireless networking in the developing world session (2007), Wireless networking in the developing world session, Wireless Network http//wirelesssummit.org/ theme/cwns-and-developing-world

Childs personality and life Essay Example for Free

Childs individualality and life EssayAndy Murray is whiz of the more than extrovert tennis players on the tennis court and is known for his frequent outbursts of passion and his war-ridden style of play. In December 2004 he was named the Young Sports Personality of the Year which supports my theory that he is an extravert. also Andy Murray does not shy from the media he often talks about his game, coaches and even family members such as after(prenominal) a match against Stepanek, he spoke to the media sayingI was pretty happy with the way I played and you could see that by the celebrations and my mum making an idiot of herself A more draw in person would unremarkably just talk about there performance and there own reaction. Tim Henman Tim Henman is one of the more introvert tennis players on the field he is quite conservative and quiet. His celebration (the trade condition fist clench) supports that he is conservative though he may return an outburst of passion it usua lly is quirt and short.Tim Henman does get a lot of media attention because he is Englands number one, though he can continue the media spotlight know when his cargoner first started he did not like all the media attention and attempt to avoid it. That showed an shy introverted characteristic. A more extroverted person would of liked being centralize of attention and looked forward to meeting with the media. Rugby Union The two rugby union players I have chosen to investigate are Martin Johnson and Johnny Wilkinson. Martin Johnson Martin Johnson is one of the well known and accomplished captains of all time.He captained England to the 2003 Six Nations Grand Slam and led club side Leicester Tigers as they won four back-to-back Zurich Premiership titles and a European cupful double. He has also toured with the Lions three times. He became the first man in history to captain them twice when he led the Lions on the tour of Australia in 2001, after tip the winning tour of South Afr ica in 1997. On the pitch he is a player who inspires the outflank out of his players by leading by example and shouting encouragement and instructions which shows extravert qualities. complete the pitch when Martin Johnson talks to the media he does not like talking about himself which is unusual for an extravert provided when talking to the media he always focuses on the collective which shows he is a wide team man. In the interview after the winning world cup final he said It was a bulky effort by the entire squad of players, coaches and backroom staff, everybody. Thanks to the fans they were incredible he also said I cant say enough about the team What he said to the media reinforces that he is a big team man.This also shows an extravert characteristic of enjoying doing activities that involve other people Johnny Wilkinson Johnny Wilkinson is an introverted rugby player but the drop goal during extra time that won England the World Cup in 2003 made him the most famous playe rs in international professional rugby. On the field he has a temper for accurate kicking and fierce tackling off the field he has a reputation for practicing incessantly and avoiding publicity. This shows two introverted characteristics one of doing things alone (training) two avoiding media attention (publicity) being shy.Are we innate(p) with our personalities? The answer is well there isnt one there is only theories weather we are born with a personality. I believe we may be born with a personality disorder (mental disorder) but they are the ones that have been scientifically proven. I believe our personality depends on environmental factors (schools physiology etc) and hugely how our parents interact with us and other people. Children learn from copying others and they copy there parents more than anybody. Parents are gods in the eyes of their children I think that phrase sums up how much a parent affects a Childs personality and life.

Monopoly - economics Essay Example for Free

Monopoly economics EssayIn this chapter, look for the answers to these questions ? wherefore do monopolies arise? ? why is MR P for a monopolizer? ? How do monopolies choose their P and Q? ? How do monopolies affect societys well-being? ? What can the government do about monopolies? ? What is worth discrimination? Economics PRINCIPLES OF N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, completely rights reserved 1 Introduction ? A monopoly is a debauched that is the doctor seller of a crop without close substitutes. Why Monopolies Arise.The main cause of monopolies is barriers to entry other self-coloureds can non arrive the market. Three sources of barriers to entry 1. A single firm owns a key resource. E. g. , DeBeers owns just about of the worlds diamond mines 2. The govt gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce the good. E. g. , patents, copyright laws 2 ? In this chapter, we study monopoly an d contrast it with consummate(a) competition. ? The key difference A monopoly firm has market power, the ability to process the market scathe of the product it sells. A competitive firm has no market power.MONOPOLY MONOPOLY 3 Why Monopolies Arise3. Natural monopoly a single firm can produce the entire market Q at lower greet than could several firms. Example 1000 homes need electricity ATC is lower if one firm services all 1000 homes than if devil firms each service 500 homes. MONOPOLY Monopoly vs. Competition Demand wind ups In a competitive market, the market demand dilute slopes downward. But the demand arch for any idiosyncratic firms product is horizontal at the market price. The firm can increase Q without saturnine P, so MR = P for the competitive firm.4 Cost Electricity ATC slopes downward due to huge FC and minute MC ATC 500 1000 Q P A competitive firms demand scent $80 $50 D Q 5 MONOPOLY 1 10/23/2012 Monopoly vs. Competition Demand Curves A monopolist is the o nly seller, so it faces the market demand curve. To sell a large Q, the firm mustiness reduce P. Thus, MR ? P. P ACTIVE LEARNING A monopolys tax income Common Grounds is the only seller of cappuccinos in town. The table shows the market demand for cappuccinos. Fill in the missing spaces of the table. Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 P $4. 50 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 7 1 TR AR n. a. MR A monopolists demand curve D Q MONOPOLY 6 What is the relation between P and AR?Between P and MR? ACTIVE LEARNING Answers Here, P = AR, alike as for a competitive firm. Here, MR P, whereas MR = P for a competitive firm. Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Common Grounds D and MR Curves P TR $0 4 7 9 10 10 9 AR n. a. $4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 8 MR $4 3 2 1 0 1 Q P MR $4 3 2 1 0 1 $4. 50 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 0 $4. 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 P, MR $5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 1 2 3 Demand curve (P) MR 4 5 6 7 Q 9 MONOPOLY Understanding the Monopolists MR ? Increasing Q has two a rranges on revenue ? Output effect higher(prenominal) output raises revenue ? impairment effect lower price reduces revenue ? To sell a larger Q, the monopolist must reduce the price on all the units it sells. Profit-Maximization ? Like a competitive firm, a monopolist maximizes profit by producing the bar where MR = MC. ? Once the monopolist identifies this quantity, it sets the highest price consumers are willing to conciliate for that quantity. ? Hence, MR P ? MR could even be controvert if the price effect exceeds the output effect (e. g. , when Common Grounds increases Q from 5 to 6). 10 ? It finds this price from the D curve. MONOPOLY MONOPOLY 11 2 10/23/2012 Profit-Maximization1. The profitmaximizing Q is where MR = MC. 2. Find P from the demand curve at this Q. Q be and Revenue MC The Monopolists Profit Costs and Revenue MC ATC P D MR Quantity As with a competitive firm, the monopolists profit equals (P ATC) x Q P ATC D MR Q Quantity Profit-maximizing output MONOPOLY 1 2 MONOPOLY 13 A Monopoly Does Not Have an S Curve A competitive firm ? takes P as given ? has a supply curve that shows how its Q depends on P. A monopoly firm ? is a price-maker, not a price-taker ? Q does not depend on P rather, Q and P are jointly determined by MC, MR, and the demand curve.So there is no supply curve for monopoly. MONOPOLY 14 CASE STUDY Monopoly vs. Generic Drugs Patents on new drugs give a temporary monopoly to the seller. expense The market for a typical drug PM When the patent expires, PC = MC the market becomes competitive, generics appear. QM D MR Quantity QC MONOPOLY 15 The Welfare Cost of Monopoly ? Recall In a competitive market equilibrium, P = MC and total surplus is maximized. The Welfare Cost of Monopoly Competitive eqm quantity = QC P = MC total surplus is maximized Monopoly eqm quantity = QM P MC deadweight loss expenditure Deadweight MC loss?In the monopoly eqm, P MR = MC ? The value to buyers of an additional unit (P) exceeds the cost of the r esources needed to produce that unit (MC). ? The monopoly Q is too low could increase total surplus with a larger Q. ? Thus, monopoly results in a deadweight loss. P P = MC MC D MR QM QC Quantity MONOPOLY 16 MONOPOLY 17 3 10/23/2012 monetary value Discrimination ? Discrimination treating spate differently based on some characteristic, e. g. race or gender. Perfect worth Discrimination vs. Single Price Monopoly Here, the monopolist charges the equivalent price (PM) to all buyers. A deadweight loss results.Price Consumer surplus Deadweight loss ? Price discrimination selling the same good at different prices to different buyers. PM MC ? The characteristic used in price discrimination is willingness to pay (WTP) ? A firm can increase profit by charging a higher price to buyers with higher WTP. Monopoly profit D MR QM MONOPOLY 18 Quantity 19 MONOPOLY Perfect Price Discrimination vs. Single Price Monopoly Here, the monopolist produces the competitive quantity, but charges each buyer his or her WTP. This is called perfect price discrimination. The monopolist captures all CS as profit.But theres no DWL. MONOPOLY Price Discrimination in the Real World ? In the real world, perfect price discrimination is not possible ? No firm knows every buyers WTP ? Buyers do not announce it to sellers Price Monopoly profit ? So, firms divide customers into groups MC D MR Quantity based on some observable property that is likely related to WTP, such as age. Q 20 MONOPOLY 21 Examples of Price Discrimination Movie tickets Discounts for seniors, students, and people who can attend during weekday afternoons. They are all more likely to have lower WTP than people who pay full price on Friday night.Airline prices Discounts for Saturday-night stayovers help distinguish business travelers, who usually have higher WTP, from more price-sensitive leisure travelers. MONOPOLY 22 Examples of Price Discrimination Discount coupons People who have time to trim down and organize coupons are mor e likely to have lower income and lower WTP than others. Need-based financial aid pathetic income families have lower WTP for their childrens college education. Schools price-discriminate by offering need-based aid to low income families. MONOPOLY 23 4 10/23/2012 Examples of Price DiscriminationQuantity discounts A buyers WTP often declines with additional units, so firms charge less per unit for large quantities than small ones. Example A movie theater charges $4 for a small popcorn and $5 for a large one thats twice as big. human race Policy Toward Monopolies ? Increasing competition with antitrust laws ? Ban some anticompetitive practices, allow govt to break up monopolies. ? E. g. , Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Clayton Act (1914) ?Regulation ? Govt agencies set the monopolists price. ? For natural monopolies, MC ATC at all Q, so bare(a) cost pricing would result in losses. ? If so, regulators might subsidize the monopolist or set P = ATC for zero economic profit. MONOPOLY 2 4 MONOPOLY 25 Public Policy Toward Monopolies ?Public ownership ? Example U. S. Postal Service ? Problem Public ownership is usually less good since no profit motive to minimize costs CONCLUSION The Prevalence of Monopoly ? Doing nothing ? The foregoing policies all have drawbacks, so the scoop policy may be no policy. ? In the real world, nice monopoly is rare. ? Yet, many firms have market power, due to ? selling a unique variety of a product ? having a large market share and few significant competitors ?In many such cases, most of the results from this chapter apply, including ? markup of price over marginal cost ? deadweight loss MONOPOLY 26 MONOPOLY 27 CHAPTER SUMMARY ? A monopoly firm is the sole seller in its market. Monopolies arise due to barriers to entry, including government-granted monopolies, the control of a key resource, or economies of home base over the entire range of output. CHAPTER SUMMARY ? Monopoly firms maximize profits by producing the quantity where mar ginal revenue equals marginal cost. But since marginal revenue is less than price, the monopoly price will be greater than marginal cost, leading to a deadweight loss. ?A monopoly firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. As a result, it must reduce price to sell a larger quantity, which causes marginal revenue to fall down the stairs price. 28 ? Monopoly firms (and others with market power) try to raise their profits by charging higher prices to consumers with higher willingness to pay. This practice is called price discrimination. 29 5 10/23/2012 CHAPTER SUMMARY ? Policymakers may respond by regulating monopolies, victimization antitrust laws to promote competition, or by taking over the monopoly and running it. Due to problems with each of these options, the best option may be to take no action. 30 6.

Translatability and Poetic Translation Essay Example for Free

Translatability and Poetic interlingual rendition EssayTranslation employ to be considered an inter- wording transfer of centre, which is the stopover of going for look into and work. Many earlier definitions demonstrate this, using source language and set language as their technical terms. Moreover, commentary theories strictly confined themselves within the sphere of linguals. For umteen years the popular geld in the displacement circles had been perfect faithfulness to the original both in content and in spirt and it had been regarded as the iron criterion as if from the holy Bible for translators to observe. The godly status and the impossible eminent belief were non altered until new thoughts arose with the respect of consideration of target readers, the unavoidable translator subjectivity and the utilisation and give way of translations. This thesis, starting to look from new angles such as the accommodation to target heathen conventions, the translat ors consciousness of linguistic and cultural adaptations to make it easy for readers to understand translated works without as well as lots chafe and effort, and translation as a purposeful clo devouravor. Translation is then understood as a much more(prenominal) complicated activity with a much broader scope.Translation of verse telegraph line was, and still is by some, believed as impossibility for any unfaithful elements would shake up been taken as failure, be it content or take. The arguments involve linguistic elements and cultural elements. Most importantly the myth of untranslatability looks upon rime as beauty itself which is untouchable for at a time it is touched it is destroyed. But as translation of poetry has never been stagnant though some clock brisk and sometimes non, there is well-set evidence in both translation history and present twenty-four hour period practice that poetic translation, a literary form as distinguished from fiction, drama, and pr ose, is translatable.Poetry itself serves a purpose, be it an illusive press, and aesthetics shadow be reproduced in some other(a)(prenominal) language and culture if accommodation is made. It would be highly likely that the target readers would obtain rather correspondent if non the equivalent aesthetic joyfulness practice the translation as would the source readers reading the original poem. And this is, I believe, the scarcely criterion in evaluating and assessing what is a successful piece of translation. Of course there atomic number 18 other functions of poetry like in dressive, didactic, cognitive, hardheaded and even entertainment functions.The aesthetic function stays at the top of the list, though. In other expressions, if a translation fails to perform the aesthetic function it is in my eyes a bad translation, no matter how well the form is preserved. A word-for-word translation whitethorn be decided faithful in form, provided it is failure in terms of the perfor objet dartce of functions. As aesthetics of angiotensin-converting enzyme people influences them with distinguishable elements from that of another, accommodation in translation is of urgent necessity. Often loss or appurtenance is made to achieve that end and sometimes only some elements ar preserved firearm other elements are neglected.This is inevitable or there provide be no translation, which representation if integrity fears any loss or addition, atomic number 53 should learn to read the original al sorts instead of reading the translated version. But how many of us can do that? The thesis aims at breaking the myth of untranslatability of poetry and argues from the appropriate intellectual of translation to the discordant functions of poetry. And in the end it suggests, with examples taken from well-acknowledged translators of poetry, some strategies for poetic translators so that global talk opens up another channel for human communication.We will understand unrivaled another better. The detailed organization is as follows. This thesis, starting from a brief account of old ideas of the untranslatability of poetry, proposes instead a hypothesis that poetry is translatable (Chapter in allness). In the next chapter (Chapter Two) an analysis of why poetry is untranslatable is made in both linguistic and cultural respects. It goes on giving a detailed analysis of translation in general, its various definitions, its multiple functions and the authors get idea of it (Chapter Three).Then literary translation is discussed, involving its features and main(prenominal) functionaesthetic value which is the very core in poetic translation as well (Chapter Four). Chapter Five deals with features of poetic translation, treating at the beginning the relationship between poetry and aesthetics and then making a comparison of Sino-west poetic theories. What follows is a discussion of the longstanding come in of form vs content and the criteria of poe tic translation. At the end of this chapter, the function of poetry is discussed.Chapter Six suggests some strategies in poetic translation, tout ensemble with a strong consciousness of compensation of possible loss of the source schoolbook. The thesis ends with a conclusionpoetry is translatable. 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 1 UNTRANSLATABILITYWHAT THEY ARE SAYING Traduttore-traditore. (Translator = traitor. ), says the well-kn take in Italian phrase. Poetry is what gets bem utilize in translation, Robert Frost says. Western tradition and culture is founded on untranslatability.This may sound like a paradox, if one thinks of the long tradition of translatio studii or translatio imperii in the culture, or if you yet ponder the very word tradition . Tradition, from Latin tradere (hand over), implies a process of communication, transmission, and transportation that necessarily allows for the transformation, whether in terms of losings or gains, usually associated with what we conse nsually mean by translation. To translate is not to say the same thing in another tongue, hardly to make manifest a different thing. This may sound close to what we used to call the impossibility of translation.Croce (quoted in Carravetta, 1997) holds that poets cannot be compared, as each is unique. Translation is impossible it is only a pedagogical necessity. The responsibility of the interpreter is to capture the mood or state of macrocosmness (stato danimo) of its author. In advanced(a) times some scholars have come to realize that something in a language can not be fully translated into another, in other words, there is an inevitable loss of nitty-gritty. Catford (1965), a celebrated translation scholar of the linguistic school, raises the issue of untranslatability with a new perspective.He argues that linguistic untranslaltability is due to the difference in the Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL), whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence i n the TL of applicable situational features. Dabeluet and Viney (quoted in Wilss, 2001), in the fruitful book A comparative French and side of meat Stylistics have analyse in detail the points of linguistic difference between the both languages, differences that constitute areas where translation is impossible. Popovic (quoted in Wilss, 2001) in addition has attempted to define untranslatability without making a separation between the linguistic and cultural factors.Nida (1984) presents a ample source of information most the problems of loss in translation, in cave inicular about the difficulties encountered by the translators when face with terms or concepts in SL that do not exist in TL. Newmark (1982) has also once shortly talked about the deviation in translation. In Chinese translation history, in contemporary and modern daylight translation circles, many experts and scholars have also discussed the problem to some extent in their empirical assertions and research pa pers.As early as the flourishing period of Buddhist scriptures, the problem of untranslatability was mentioned and a rather strong expression was used to criticize certain versions as reaching others what one has munched in his own mouth( , my translation), not mentioning translation of poetry. Zhu guangqian (Zhu, 1987 113) says that the reason why poetry translation poses more difficulty than prose translation lies in that poetry stress more on its musical quality while prose emphasizes more on meaning.Translating meaning is ostensibly easier than translating the musical quality (my translation). Chinese, unlike English, uses characters which are all single syllables, agnomenly, one character as one syllable. So phrases and clauses are easily arranged into even number phrases and neat even number couplets, if the motivating arises for comparison or contrast. However, the western languages have strict grammatical rules, requiring fixed structures that forbids free inversions or disorders. If translating literally according to the Chinese form, confusion emerges.(Ibid 201) (my translation) Poetry can not only be translated into a orthogonal language nor can it be translated into another style or another historic period of the same language because the sound and meaning of the language change with the times. Modern syllables and rhythms can not replace those undeniable in ancient language and modern associated meaning can not replace the ancient associated meaning (Ibid 223) (my translation). Chen Shuxin (Chen, 2000) proposes that poetic untranslatability mainly lies in the transference of the beauty of the original sound.If put in order, the transference of sound stays at the top of the list, then form and style, lastly meaning (my translation). Wen Yiduo (Zhu, 1925 149) exemplifies untranslatability as follows Li Bai stands between the ancient style and contemporary style. His wul u , which consists of five characters in each line and eight lines altoge ther, has the soul of ancient style and the body of the contemporary which is characterized with abundant embellishment. The embellished style may be translatable merely not the poetic power.Nevertheless Li Bai without his tremendous power is no long-lived himself. (my translation) For example, the lines , was translated as (1. 1) The smoke from the cottages curls Up around the citron trees, And the hues of late autumn are On the potassium paulownias. What is the matter? Mr Zhu asks, The glorious beauty of the Chinese poem, once transformed into English should become so inhospitable and mediocre Such precious lines as these are untranslatable for they are too subtle and too refined. If one has to translate it anyway, it is doomed to be destroyed.Beauty is untouchable. If it is touched, it dies. ( my translation) (Ibid 150). But Zhu later has to admit in another book that translation is not intend for the original author or those who understand the source language. It should not intend to compare with the original. It is impossible and unnecessary to please the reader who understands the source language with ones translation (my translation) (Ibid 154). In summary, I find that those who stick to untranslatbility are but two kinds of people.Some strictly believe the holiness of the original school text and others the absoluteness of the unity of meaning and form in a certain language. And they, idealistically, do not allow any addition or loss of meaning in the transferring process as in translation, which is actually inevitable and is a rule rather than an exception. 1. 2 TRANSLATABILITY A HYPOTHESIS Translation work, in its present form, dates back more than a thousand years in China and in Western countries. The ever-lasting practice of translation itself manifests the translatability of languages.Therefore, it stands to reason that a language can be translated from one language into another. Under the guide of this perception, former scholars usua lly probe into the problem of translation from an instinctive and empirical point of view. Not all words need to be translated. Some cannot. Some can be transcribable, but if there is no cultural equivalent, whether it is translatable or not it still needs to be rationaliseed, just like a jargon needs to be explained to the non-specialist in a footnote.Words, expressions or interjections that are unshared to a culture, a religion or a jargon cannot ceaselessly be translated in a satisfactory way because the same thing does not exist in the other languages culture. In many cases such words with no perfect equivalent are the words that end up being borrowed by the other language, sometimes with a possible spelling adaptation to ease pronunciation in the other language. Jacobson ( 1966 238) (quoted in Wolfram Wilss, 2001) comes to the conclusion that poetry by definition is untranslatable. Only creative electric switch is possible.With this as a prerequisite, translation of poetry should and must be translatable. Historically speaking, the activity of poetic translation has always been there, popular at one time and losing momentum at another, though always being practiced. In other words, whenever human communication is necessary, translation will live on and maintain a firm and fast stronghold. The reason is simple but unavoidablewe, as a nation or a country, are not living alone. As long as we do not enlace ourselves up, translation will be translatable, be it scientific translation or poetic translation.Many translators in contemporary and modern China have made and are making outstanding contributions to the literary and poetic exchanges between China and the West through their diligent and painstaking work. Xu Yuanchong, for instance, has translated several books of Chinese ancient poems into English, the close to important being the The 300 Hundred Tang Poems . Gu Zhengkun, by rendering into English The ingathering of Mao Zedongs Poems , is another example to have introduced Chinese poetry to readers of English.Foreigners include Arthur Waley, Herbert Giles, Witter Bynner, W. J. B. Fletcher, James Legg, Amy Lowell, etc. Translators from English into English are, needless to say, numerous, such as Bian Zhilin, Guo Moruo, Tu Ang, Huang Gaoxin, Jiang Feng, Cao Minglun , and Zhu Chunshen, to name but a few for the present purpose. exclusively these people do not only support the idea that translation of poetry is possible but provide living proof by their many well-received and highly-acclaimed translated works. 2. UNTRANSLATABILITYANALYSIS OF WHY.Lets see what specialists say, to begin with, about the genius and essence of translation. Ebel (1969 50) (quoted in Wolfram Wilss, 2001) says that indeed, modern translation theory denies the very existence of translation as it has previously been understood, i. e. as the replacement of an utterance in one language by another, so that the two are interchangeable. The dream of literal or close translation, which culminated in the attempt to computerize translation, has given way in turn to what might be termed a higher subjectivity.Since there are connections but not correlations or diagnostic correspondences between cultural norms and linguistic patterns, no language is ever a legal substitute for another faithfulness in translation is hence impossible. Gipper (1972 91) (quoted in Wolfram Wilss, 2001 41) believes that translation is and will continue to be a relative concept. It could be said that every translation represents a trans couch from the perspectives of one linguistic view of the world to those of another and that this cannot take place entirely without changes or metamorphoses (change of form or character).Durbeck (1975 8) (quoted in Wolfram Wilss, 2001 42) holds that the world view of ones native tongue is dominant, thus making man a prisoner of his language. Wolfram Wilss (Ibid 49) says, The translatability of a text can thus be careful in terms of the degree to which it can be re-contextualized in TL, taking into account all linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The translatability of a text is thus guaranteed by the existence of universal categories in syntax, semantics, and the (natural) logic of experience.Linguistic untranslatability occurs when the linguistic form has a function beyond that of conveying factual relationships and is therefore a constituent part of the functional equivalence to be achieved. This, for example, is true of tend on words, which can usually be adequately translated semantically but not stylistically. For instance, (2. 1) 1)-Are you training for a race ? No, Im racing for a train. 2) Just because I am chased dont get the idea I am chaste . These are examples of linguistic adjoin of words. (2. 2) 1) The problems of the world are easily soluble in wine.2) Pay your taxes with a smile. These are instances of cultural play of words. Catford(1965 99) believes that Cultural untranslatability is usually less absolute than linguistic untranslatability. Nida (1969 483) holds that relative adequacy of inter-lingual communication are ground on two fundamental factors 1) semantic similarities between languages, due no doubt in larger-than-life measure to the usual core of human experience and 2) fundamental similarities in the syntactic structures of languages, especially at the so-called kernel, or core, level.2. 1 LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS Levy (1967 58) (as quoted in Wilss, 2001 124) thinks that the translator frequently finds himself in a conflict-and-decision-marked situation during the translation process, a situation which becomes all the more difficult to master, the more complex the textual segment to be translated is in terms of syntax, semantics and stylistics. In recent years the scope of linguistics has widened beyond the confines of the individual sentence. Text linguistics attempts to account for the form of texts in terms of their users.If we accept that meaning is something that is negotiated between producers and receivers to texts, it follows that the translator, as a special kind of text user, intervenes in this process of negotiation, to relay it across linguistic and cultural boundaries. In doing so, the translator is necessarily handling such matters as intended meaning, implied meaning, presupposed meaning, all on the basis of the evidence which the text supplies. The various domains of socio-linguistics, pragmatics and discourse linguistics are all areas of study which are germane (pertinent) to this process ( Hatim Mason,1990 133).The focus of translation studies would be shifted away from the incidental incompatibilities among languages toward the systematic communicatory factors shared by languages. Only in light of this new focus can such issues as equivalence and translation evaluation be satisfactorily clarified. Ke (Ke, 1999) says that the problem of translatability or untranslatability is closely related to mans understa nding of the nature of language, meaning and translation.From the socio-semiotic point of view, untranslatables are fundamentally cases of language use wherein the three categories of socio-semiotic meaning carried by a source expression do not coincide with those of a comparable expression in the target language. Three types of untranslatability, referential, pragmatic, and intra-lingual may be the carrier of the message. Language-specific norms considered untranslatable by some linguists should be excluded from the solid ground of untranslatables.And since translation is a communicative event involving the use of verbal signs, the chance of untranslatability in practical translating tasks may be minimized if the communicative situation is taken into account. In a larger sense, the problem of translatability is one of degree the higher the linguistic levels the source language signs carry meaning(s) at, the higher the degree of translatability these signs may give away the lower the levels they carry meaning(s) at, the lower the degree of translatability they may register.2. 2 CULTURAL ELEMENTS Translation practice is one of the strategies a culture devises for dealing with what we have learned to call the different (a term borrowed from Lefevere, 2001, meaning a culture different from ones ownmy interpretation). The development of a translational strategy therefore also provides comfortably indications of the kind of society one is dealing with.The fact that China, for instance, developed translational strategies only three times in its history, with the translation of the Buddhist scriptures from roughly the second to seventh centuries AD, with the translation of the Christian scriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD, and with the translation of much Western thought and literature starting in 19th century AD, says something abut the image of the Other dominant in Chinese civilization, namely that the Other was not considered very important, only as branches or leaves instead of the trunk.Cultures that are relatively homogeneous tend to see their own way of doing things as naturally, the only way, which just as naturally becomes the best way when confronted with other ways. When such cultures themselves take over elements from outside, they will, once again, naturalize them without too many qualms and too many restrictions. When Chinese translate texts produced by others outside its boundaries, it translates these texts in order to replace them, pure and simple. The translations take the place of the originals.They function as the originals in the culture to the extent that the originals disappear behind the translations. The Chinese were forced to deal with the Other by the spread of Buddhism, which did not threaten the fabric of society, and therefore could be acculturated rather easily on the terms of the receiving, Chinese society. This is apparent not just from the manner of translating, but even more so from the fact that Taoist concepts were used in translations to acculturate Buddhist concepts. ( quoted from Bassnett Lefevere, 2001 169)What are the options the translator faces ? We suggest they are as follows Is the element being translated obligatory or optional in the TL text format? If it is obligatory, is the order in which it occurs appropriate for the TL text format? If it is obligatory and the order is appropriate, will loop (repetition), if there is any, be appropriate in the TL text format? The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be limited in translation. Conversely, the more evaluative the text is, the more scope there may be for modification. (ibid 187)The less culture-bound (treaties, declarations, resolutions, and other similar documents) a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified in translation. Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification. 2. 2. 1 HISTORICAL EL EMENTS There are numerous examples in both English and Chinese that exhibit historical elements deeply rooted in the languages. Idioms and legends always provide ready support in this respect. Once an vocabularyatic expression or fixed expressions has been recognized, we need to decide how to translate it into the target language.Here the question is not whether a given phrasal idiom is transparent, opaque, or misleading. Maybe its easier to translate an opaque expression than a transparent one. The main difficulties in the translation may be summarized as follows. An idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the target language. One language may express a given meaning by doer of a single word, another may express it by means of a transparent fixed expression, a third may express it by means of an idiom, and so on. So it is unrealistic to expect to find equivalent idioms and expressions in the target language in all cases.The idioms and expressions may be culture-spec ific which can make it untranslatable or difficult to translate. The expressions such as hot dog ( ) and Kangaroo Court ( ) which relate to specific cultural background provide better examples. An idiom or fixed expression may have a similar counterpart in the target language, but its context of use may be different the two expressions may have different connotations, they may not be pragmatically transferable. The expression such as make a come-back ( , ) , though similar in meaning, the contexts in which the two idioms can be used are obviously different. ready a come-back is usually in positive occasions, but is usually used in negative occasions. An idiom may be used in the source text in both its literal and idiomatic senses at the same time. The expression such as kick down the ladder ( ) is a good example . It means treat with contempt those through whose assistance one has risen to a position of importance . It refers to the rising up politically or socially. But ? in Chi nese translation refers to the peter or means to overcome difficulties, and is widely and commonly used.They are similar in the point of blockade the sponsor, and do harm to ( ) but different in details. Legends are of a quite similar character. What is a legendary hero in one language, for example, King Arthur in English may not be known in another language, such as Chinese. Without necessary annotation the target reader would be certainly at a loss. But if a Chinese legendary figure is loaned to serve the purpose of a courageous and brave man, the readers may be wondering if the English people also have such a legend, which may result in misunderstanding.Translation from Chinese into English exhibits the same problem. 2. 2. 2 GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS Just as the Chinese saying goes that a people of one geographical positioning is different from that of another, translation of geographical terms is where another problem is encountered. Recognition and familiarity of the geography is of immense help to bring about the readers association, thus making comprehension easier. On the contrary, without a sense of geography, the readers have only their imagination in their power to employ.Translation of the following Chinese poem is a case in point. (2. 3) , . , . Xu Yuanchongs translation of the geographical location liaoxi becomes frontier, which provides enough space for readers association even without a note to explain it. Unlike Xu, another translator uses pinyin and has it annotated, saying it is the frontier of the battlefield. Herbert Giles also translated this poem. (2. 4) Drive the young orioles away, Nor let them on the branches play Their chirping breaks my slumber through And keep me from my dreams of you.In this translation the translator dismisses the geographical location liaoxi altogether, for it would be difficult for English readers to associate the place with the frontier where her husband has been summoned. (Lu,, 2002 255) The reason why t he geographical name is omitted is that the translator feels no need to burden the target reader who would know little where that place is while for a Chinese the association is immediate, activating a vivid picture of the harsh environment for the ridiculous soldiers, hungry, cold with knee-deep snow and whipping wind, hopeless of returning safe and sound, and confronted with the deadly barbarian enemy.2. 2. 3 RELIGIOUS ELEMENTS Lindbeck in his article The Gospels Uniqueness Election and Untranslatability says This essay is an experiment in looking at the uniqueness of Christianity from the perspective of religions as community-forming comprehensive semiotic systems. Uniqueness in this outlook consists formally of untranslatability and materially of the unsubstitutable memories and narratives which shape communities identities. The Biblical story is well known.It has two main chapters chapter one, Babel (Genesis 11 1-9) chapter two, the Pentecost (Genesis 10 9-11). In Genesis, t he Almighty creates the different human languages to colonize an upstart humanity and thus secure the untranslatability of his own divinity. In the Acts of the Apostles, the miracle of total intelligibility, because it is a miracle and not a first instance of simultaneous translation, transcends language difference, and hence humanity, and thus once again presupposes and guarantees the ungraspable ideal of Gods absolute meaning.The Babelic confusion of languages imposed by a jealous God, on the one hand, and the gift of the Holy Ghost in the Pentecostal cloven tongues of fire granted by a proselytizing god, on the other, both tell the same story of imperial identity and subjugated otherness. One single language is good, for it bespeaks the untouchable self-sameness of the deity. If we follow the argument above, then translation simply becomes mission impossible. so far translation of all kinds of phantasmal scriptures are taking place all the time, with either meaning addition or loss of the original.And the ideas are spreading far and wide. Untranslatability of the divinity is only of pedantic research value, not barring the way of the translators practicing translations, much less the way of the common people fervent to learn about divinity. 3. TRANSLATION IN GENERAL 3. 1 TRANSLATION VS MEANING It is universally agreed that translation means translating meaning. What is meaning, then? As G. Steiner (1975 45) points out, and as much research into the reading process has shown, each act of reading a text is in itself an act of translation, i. e. an interpretation.We seek to recover what is meant in a text from the whole range of possible meanings, in other words, from the meaning potential which Halliday (1978 109) defines as the paradigmatic range of semantic choice that is present in the system, and to which the members of a culture have access in their language. Inevitably, we feed our own beliefs, knowledge, attitudes and so on into our processing of tex ts, so that any translation will, to some extent, reflect the translators own mental and cultural outlook, despite the best of impartial intentions.No doubt, the risks are reduced to a token(prenominal) in most scientific and technical, legal and administrative translating but cultural predispositions can creep in where least expected (Hatim Mason. 1990 11). In literary translating, the process of constant reinterpretation is most apparent. The translators reading of the source text is but one among infinitely many possible readings, yet it is the one which tends to be imposed upon the readership of the TL version.Since an important feature of poetic discourse is to allow a multiplicity of responses among SL readers, it follows that the translators task should be to preserve, as far as possible, the range of possible responses in other words, not to reduce the dynamic use of goods and services of the reader. The readers purposes can be divided into two types for comparative liter ary research (intellectual) and foreign literature admiration (aesthetic). For different purposes the translator may translate differently.Translation is a matter of choice, but choice is always motivated omission, additions and alterations may indeed be justified but only in relation to intended meaning (Hatim Mason. 1990 12). The translators motivations are inextricably bound up with the socio-cultural context in which the act of translating takes place. Consequently, it is important to judge translating activity only within a social context. Before there is translation, for example, there has to be a need for translation.In fact, the social context of translating is probably a more important variable than the textual genre, which has imposed such rigid distinctions on types of translating in the past (literary translation, scientific and technical translation, religious translation, etc. ) Divisions of this kind tend to mask certain fundamental similarities between texts from d ifferent fields. There are regularities of discourse procedures which transcend the boundaries between genres and which it is our aim to describe.Nida (1975) discusses translation from the point of view of semantic componential analysis, which consists in common (shared) components (the overlapping features of the single lexical units of a word field) diagnostic (contrastive) components (features which distinguish the meaning of individual lexical units of a word field or lexical units with more than one meaning) supplementary components (semantically optional thirdhand features which often have a connotative in addition to fundamental meaning/denote be the sign or symbol of character and can cause metaphorical extensions).I have make some research from the perspective of hermeneutics which studies meaning in human communication. Modern ideas on hermeneutics hold that the generator may be an editor or a redactor and that he may have used sources. In considering this aspect of dis course one must take into account the writers purpose in pen as well as his cultural milieu. Secondly, one must consider the narrator in the paper who is usually different from the writer. Sometime