The Pigeonhole Principle Forms

The boss precept FormsPIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE. Student specify this as common sense behind this basic idea of this numeric pattern if at that place ar n objects to be positi one and only(a) and provided(a)d in m receptacles (with m n), at to the lowest degree cardinal of the items must go into the said(prenominal) box. Whereas the idea is commonsensical, in the hands of a capable mathematician it stub be made to do extraordinary things. on that point is one of the nearly historied applications of snuggery Principle which theres at least twain people in New York City with the same number of hairs on their head.The principle itself is attributed to Dirichlet in 1834, although he in fact used the term Schubfachprinzip. The same dictum is often named in honour of Dirichlet who used it in solving Pells equation. The pigeon seems to be a fresh addition, as Jeff Millers web site on the first-year use of some math words gives,Pigeon-hole principle occurs in incline in Pa ul Erds and R. Rado, A government agencyition calculus in set theory, Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 62 (Sept. 1956).In a recent debate on a history group Julio Cabillon added that there are a conformation of names in different calculateries for the idea. His list incorporated,Le principe des tiroirs de Dirichlet, cut for the principle of the draftspersons of DirichletPrincipio da casa dos pombos in Portuguese for the signboard of pigeons principleDas gavetas de Dirichlet for the drawers of Dirichlet.Dirichlets principleThe Box principleZasada szufladkowa Dirichleta which crocked the principle of the drawers of Dirichlet in PolishSchubfach Prinzip which mean drawer principle in GermanINTRODUCTION permits make this thing easier by externalise some common day-to-day awkward moment which related to emboss Principle. Somemagazines, I wake up and get ready for classes early in the morning. But then, the room still dark and my room-mate still in sleep. all(prenominal)ow see, I prevail socks of three different colours in my drawer and to be found in messy order. So, how can I separate a matching pair of same coloured socks in most convenient way without disturbing my partners (which mean turning on the light)? A simple math go forth everyplacecome this problem. I just puddle to get only 4 socks from the drawer Of course its the Pigeonhole Principle applied in the trustworthy life.So, what is Pigeonhole Principle then? Let put an example to demonstrate this principle. For instance, there are 3 stereotypes around. There are 4 pigeon and distributively of them holds one mail. The pigeons are delivering the mails and have to organize all of its mails into available pigeonholes. With only 3 pigeonholes around, there clear to be 1 pigeonhole with at least 2 mailsThus, the general expression states when there are k pigeonholes and there are k+1 mail, then they leave be 1 pigeonhole with at least 2 mails. A more complex version of the principle go away be the f ollowingIf mn + 1 pigeons are positioned in n pigeonholes, then there will be at least one pigeonhole with m + 1 or more pigeons in it. However, this Pigeonhole Principle tells us nothing some how to locate the pigeonhole that contains dickens or more pigeons. It only asserts the existence of a pigeonhole containing two or more pigeons.The Pigeonhole Principle sounds trifling but its uses are deceiving astonishing Thus, in our project, we intend to learn and discover more well-nigh the Pigeonhole Principle and illustrate its numerous interesting applications in our daily life.RESULTS OF RESEARCH AND REAL WORLD EXAMPLESCASE 1 LOSSLESS entropy COMPRESSIONLossless info capsule algorithmic rules cannot guarantee condensate for all input data sets. Frankly says, for any (lossless) data compression algorithm, there will be an input data set that didnt get decrease in size of it when processed by the algorithm. This is effortlessly rebeln with uncomplicated arithmetic utilize a counting argument, as followsAssume to each one particular tear away is represented as a string of bits (in count of arbitrary duration)We inference that there is a compression algorithm that transforms everything of the file cabinet into a different file which the size is reduced than the original file, and that in any event one file will be matte into something that is shorter than itself.Let M be the least number much(prenominal) that there is a file F with continuance M bits that compresses to something shorter. Let N be the length (in bits) of the compressed version of F.F = File with length MM = Least number that compressed into something shorterN = length (in bits) in compressed version of FSince N M, each file of length N keeps its size throughout the compression. There are 2N such files. Together with F, this makes 2N + 1 files which all compress into one of the 2N files of length N.2N 2N + 1But 2N is smaller than 2N + 1, consequently from the pigeonhole princip le there must be some file of length N which is at the same time, the output of the compression piece on two different inputs. That file cannot be decompressed dependably (which of the two originals suppose to be yield?), which contradicts the given that the algorithm was lossless.Hence, we can netize that our original hypothesis (that the compression function makes no file longer) is necessarily fallacious.For any lossless compression algorithm that turns some files shorter, must automatically make some files longer, but it is not necessary that those files become very much longer. Most practical compression algorithms provide an escape facility that can turn off the radiation pattern coding for files that would become longer by being encoded. hence the only increase in size is a few bits to let whop the decoder that the normal coding has been turned off for the whole input. In example, for every 65,535 bytes of input, DEFLATE compressed files never need expansion by more tha n 5 bytes.In reality, for any lossless compression that reduces the size of some file, the expected length of a compressed file (averaged over all possible files of length N) must necessarily be great than N if we read files of length N, if all files were equally apparent. So if we dont have any idea approximately the properties of the data we are considering for a compressing, we believably not compress the file at all. A lossless compression algorithm is only come in handy when we are opt to compress a particular types of files than others after that the algorithm could be intend to compress those types of data in a much better way.Whenever opting for an algorithm always means implicitly to select a subset of all files that will become usefully shorter. This is the theoretical reason why we suppose to consider different kind of compression algorithms for different kinds of files there are roughly impossible for an algorithm that perfect for all kinds of data. Algorithms are generally instead exclusively tuned to a particular type of file such the like this example lossless audio compression programs do not form well on text files, and vice versa.Above all, files of random data cannot be consistently compressed by any likely lossless data compression algorithm undeniably, this result is used to define the pattern of randomness in algorithmic complexity theory.CASE 2 dart boardAnother kind of problem requiring the pigeonhole principle to solve is those which have-to doe with the dartboard. In such questions, the general shape and size of Dartboard which are known, a given number of zip are thrown onto it. Then we determine the distance between two convinced darts is. The hardest part is to define and identify its pigeons and pigeonholes.EXAMPLE 1On a eyeshade dartboard of radius 10 units, seven darts are thrown. lot we prove that there will always be two darts which are at most 10 units apart?To demonstrate that the final proclamation will alwa ys true, we first have to divide the caste into six equivalent spheres as shownTherefore, we allowing each of the sectors to be a pigeonhole and each dart to be a pigeon, we have seven pigeons to be passed into six pigeonholes. By pigeonhole principle, there will be at least one sector containing a minimum number of two darts. The statement is proven to be true in any case since the greatest distance involving two points lying in a sector would be 10 units.In actual fact, it is also possible to prove the scenario with only six darts. In such a case, the circle this time is redefined into quintet divided sectors and all else follows. But then, put attention that this is not always true to any further extent if we use five darts or less.EXAMPLE 2On a dartboard which is formed as a regular hexagon of side length 1 unit, nineteen darts are then thrown. How would we prove that there will be two darts within units each other? every last(predicate) over again, we have to identify our pig eonholes by dividing the hexagon into six equilateral triangles as illustrated below.While the 19 darts as pigeons and with the six triangles as the pigeonholes, we disclose that there must be in any case one triangle with a minimum of 4 darts in it.Now, considering some other scenario, we will have to endeavour an equilateral triangle of side 1 unit within 4 points inside.If locate all the points as faraway apart from each other as possible, we will come to closedown of conveying each of the first three points to be at the vertices of the triangle. The 4th or the last point will then be barely at the centre of the triangle. Since we realize that the distance from the centre of the triangle to each vertex is of the altitude for this triangle, that is, units, we can move up that it is unquestionable potential to find two darts which are units apart within the equilateral triangle.CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, although the Pigeonhole Principle seems to be simple, but, this topic is very useful in helping someone to devise and smooth the progress of calculation and proving travel for various important mathematical problems. This principle is very useful in our life although it seem so simple. This Principle also can be applied in our daily life, whether we realizes it or not. It is fun when the problem can be solved in a way that we know, by using this principle.RECOMMENDATIONSWe would like to provide you some recommendation on making the Pigeonhole Principle far more interesting likeUsing phase of leaning materials and variety of examples to help student to get more sympathize the Pigeonhole Principle.Create a well imagination of what are the real things about the Pigeonhole Principle.Search more information from the internet about the Pigeonhole Principle.Make a lot of exercise that is related about the Principle.Make a group discussion and discussed about the topic.

An Introduction to Daimler Chrysler AG

An Introduction to Daimler Chrysler AGDaimlerChrysler AG-the third-largest gondola presentr in the world-is the product of the November 1998 conjugation of Daimler-Benz AG of Germany and Chrysler Corporation of the United States. Vehicles built by the resultant fireb e real last(predicate) include Mercedes-Benz luxury passenger autos a micro compact car sold under the name Smart Chrysler, Jeep, and Dodge cars, pickup trucks, minivans, and blow utility vehicles and commercial vehicles, including vans, trucks, and buses, under the brand names Mercedes-Benz, Freightliner, Sterling, Setra, and Western one Trucks. The ships troupes r thus farue stream is heavily weighted toward the United States and Europe-the Mercedes railcar assort and the Chrysler Group somebodyas account for the studyity of company sales. The company has been plagued with problems in late historic period related partly to its investment in Mitsubishi Motors. Its troubled Chrysler di wad experienced a $63 7 million loss in 2003 due to restructuring cost and slowing U.S. sales. In addition to its vehicle manufacturing operations, DaimlerChrysler is a leading provider of information technology services in Germany and offers a variety of monetary services-including vehicle sales and leasing financing, dealer financing, and insurance services-primarily in North the States and Europe. The European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS), which is 33 percent- ingested by DaimlerChrysler, operate as the worlds second-largest aerospace and Defense Company.Models of trade forethoughtLewins model release the current epitome of the physical composition. This involves understanding the contain for transport. Then communicating that pauperization to the flock. People should be open to castrate in social structure, behavior and thinking. dislodge the brass section paradigm by introducing new theories in the plaque. This is a drawn-out process as the new method allow take eon to sink in. mass will question the new method and then it is important that in that location is a strong channel for feedback.Refreeze the deepend paradigm. This is the stage where the win over is inculcated into the organization and people followed the variety showd methods as a part and parcel of the organization.Kotters 8 stepscreating a vibe of depart into the membersgather upholders to guide channelisecreate a visionexplain the vision to the bookersempower people to follow and spread the visioncreate shot objective or milestonesimprovements and feedbackInculcation of castrate by fashioning it a part of structure and system.Complex model which recognize the adopt of individual organizations.Johnson Scholes and Whittingtons model identifies the variables that the organization faces.Time is how quickly stir is needed. This buns be identified by the Balogun and Hailys model.Scope is the degree of change that is necessity.Continuity what is the incremental factor regist er is the past experience of changeSkills what capabilities be required and what do we abide. options which are available for change attention.Readiness is the willingness of people to accept change.Power is where the of the organization lies i.e. with management employees, stakeholders etc.McKinsey 7S framework identifies the areas that management need to focus on in order to manage change effectivelyStructure is the power structure and the departmentalization of the organization before and after the change.Strategy is the plans that organization makes i.e. when to struggle? Where to compete? And when to compete?System is the dressment of the strategy with the business objective and at what level evolutionary stage the organization stands.Shared values is what fibre of refining prevails in the organizationStyle is the leadership style of the management. How are decisions made?Staff is the human resource of the organization. How trained they are and what cater is needed?S kill is the organizations talent to use its resources. Thus measure of the efficacy of the organization.Need for strategic change in ChyslerChysler has been to the top and now has unconnected most(prenominal) of its profit.Strategic intervention techniquesThe purpose of intervention techniques is to improve the power and the effectiveness of the organization. Strategic intervention techniques focus on improving the processes finished which ideas are generated and then gain feedback on the ideas. These techniques make some topic happen and also focus on what is happening French doorbell Jr (1994). The reasons for interventions can beTo gain feedbackTo educate peopleTo invoke speedy change in the organization.Rapid and sudden change in the outer environmentIntense challengerDriving forces for change in GMDriving forces are the reason that GM requires to change its strategy and align itself with the environment. Few of the forces that pressure Gm to change are as follows mode st economic growth in the car manufacturing business has stumped most of the manufacturers.Car manufacturers on disposal support are making cars at a loss that yet there cars are in the commercialise and cutting the market share of other companies.Japanese car manufacturers are making fall in cars at low price which is the main competition for GM.Change in technology in the industry has been an issue. Honda and Toyota have forward-looking in technology at a higher rate than GM. upgrade oil prices have also caused the industry to rethink there strategy.Resource implications for GMGM CEO Rick Wagoner has put in a lot of effort to turn around GM since 1992.but his reception to change in the environment was too slow. The resources of GM can be evaluated using 5 Ms modelMoney has been the problem for GM for sometime now but government is ready to religious service them but they do non have a turn around strategy. manpower of GM has not been able to generate new ideas which show dulled motivation, and poor creativity skills by the management and other employees. Also GM is stuck in contacts with employees with huge pensions.Minutes time frame for adaptation has evermore been condensed for GM and it has always lagged behind the need of time.Material has very(prenominal) special item oil which has sky rocketed. So the price of car manufacturing is rising as well as the price of maintaining a car.Machinery has been the major issue for GM as its competitors have acquired new machinery and processes which are better than that of GM.Due to these factors GM has not been able to change. These are the forces that create opposite for change.Change and stakeholdersStakeholders are an integral part of the organizational paradigm. To bestow change in the organization, stakeholders should own the change. The process of change should start from within the stakeholders.To change the culture stakeholders should realize that there is a need for change. Then they should be directed into the right direction. In Kotters 8 steps model for change the role of stakeholders can be compound. The model pushes the organization to make its own decision and define its process of change.Kotters model for change for GMKotter gives a model of change in the organization in which the stakeholders are authorise to make change for themselves. I shall use this model to explain how GM can bring about change in the organization with the booster of its stakeholders. pace 1 Create urgencyFor change to occur it is undeniable the whole organization realizes the need for change and puts its effort in making the change. For this purpose managers can paint a grim shew of the proximo if continued on the same path. Explain to the shareholders the increase in ability of the organization to exploit its resources. There should be feed back from the stakeholders and there ideas should be incorporated in the change process.In case of GM it is not very fractious to paint a grim picture because the next step to bankruptcy is liquidation. The decline in the performance of the company has been a question mark for a long time now. So in GM people are ready for change and stakeholders support the management. Now there is need for discussions so that the ideas and the wills of the stakeholders can be incorporated in the change process.Step 2 CoalitionsThis is the point where the leadership emerges people among the stakeholder should take charge of the groups. It is necessary that to identify the key leadership and make them commit to the change in the organization. This is necessary that people who are selected for the leadership believe in the change.In case of Chysler they have to find leaders in order to bring change. Recognition of the people who will help GM to evolve and to accept the changed processes is necessary, if it wishes to make any type of change in its strategy.Step 3 Vision for changeWhen the process of change starts there are many idea of floa ting. All these ideals need to be linked together if in order to form a vision. This vision unavoidably to be simple and understandable. The vision gives people a guts of direction they understand the purpose of the change. For change to be advantageful you need to sleep with the main idea behind the change. For this purpose prepare a summary of the future endeavors of the company. Knowing about the future helps people to support the organization.In case of Chysler the direction statement is quite clear G.M. is a multinational corporation engaged in socially responsible operations, worldwide. It is consecrated to provide products and services of such quality that our customers will receive superordinate value while our employees and business partners will share in our success and our stock-holders will receive a sustained superior return on their investment.But unfortunately Chysler has not been able to deliver. The vision of the Chysler needs to be progressd effectively thro ugh the organization. Every stakeholder needs to believe in the mission statement of Chysler.Step 4 Communication of visionEvery person in the organization needs to know the objective of the change. The previous paradigm of the company will produce resistance against the new method. The New charge statement needs to over seeded player the resistance and unite the organization on a single path to success. For this the management needs to address all the doubts and problems of the people. Divide the vision into smaller objectives and tie the performance of individual with the act of these objectives.In Chysler the management should take responsibility of communicating process of change through the organization. A process of change developed from the input of stakeholders is easier to communicate back.Step 5 Remove obstaclesIn the process of change, there will always be resistance. The objective of the management is to minimize this resistance and bring the stakeholders to a common p latform on which everybody can express their opinion. As the process of change moves forward, there should be constant checks for any barriers to change.In Chysler the inner management has failed to provide change in the organization. The change in GM can be induced from the outside perhaps a change agent will help GM over come change barriers. Another good way to bring about change is to award the people who embrace the change.Step 6 Create short term objectivesFor the process of change to work people need to know that it is working. For this management can divide the main objective in to simpler objectives. The management should thoroughly analyze the short term objectives such that they are manageable and motivation. For the achievement of every objective the employees should be rewarded.In Chysler that management need to step up and divide their long-term objectives into the short term goals. The management should make the stakeholders believe that they are capable of changing the business for the better. The most important stakeholder of GM is the government. The government needs to know that that GM can stand on its feet, for it to bail out the company.Step 7 arrive at on the changeThe process of change is not complete he unless and until the change culture has inculcated into the organization. Changes in many organizations fail because they do not fully implement the changed processes. The changed processes should acquire part and parcel of life in the organization. The people of the organization need to build on the changed processes and achieve even more success.The management of Chysler should not stop at making the government believed that they deserve a bailout, but should make efforts to build on the changed processes.Step 8 Change in corporate cultureThe most difficult thing to do in bringing about change into the organization is to change the culture of the organization. In history many of the mergers in companies have failed because they una ble to merge the culture of the companies. Changing the culture of the company is a very long and hard process.Chysler will need to change the culture and introduce a fresh method to succeed in an uninviting industry. At this point the employees of General Motor will not be motivated the management needs to bring faith back into the employees. supervise progress and conclusionThe final step in the management of change would be to monitor the performance of the company. For this purpose appraisal of each of the activities of the company will be performed. The justification of activity will provide chiliad by which the productivity of the activity will be measured. The idea of kaizen should become a part of the activities of the business.The process of change is very lengthy it takes years for change process to become part of the culture. The management of the organization needs to be very patient and need to prioritize their objectives.In Chysler it is necessary that people accept the change and once the changed processes have settled in there should be continuous evaluation and revaluation. The U.S market has become very saturated thus not allowing the companies to grow as fast as they would like. For the companies to survive they need to use there resources with utmost efficiency.

Factors Affecting General Motors

Factors Affecting ecumenical Motors assiduity involved in the design, development, manufacture, market protrudeing and sale of motor fomites be cognise as automotive industry. More than million of motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced widely distributed in 2007. Figures show that in 2007, around 71.9 million new automobiles were make out worldwide in which 22.9 m s emeritus in Europe, 21.4 m in Asia-Pacific, 19.4 m in USA and Canada, 4.4 m in Latin America, 2.4 m in the Middle East and 1.4 m in Africa. Though the markets in North America and Japan were inactive but in southmost America and Asia markets grew very strongly. Russia, Brazil and China were the star who showed fast emergence compargon to others.In 2008, automotive industry were experiencing a combination of set pressures from raw material cost and neuters in consumer buying habits due to rapid rise in the price of crude. G.M and other automotive industries were also go well-ni gh external contestation from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. U.S is the worlds largest consumer market for light vehicles, passenger cars and light trucks which are conquered by deep 3 companies i.e. General Motors, Ford Motors and Daimler/Chrysler. But recently these three industries were started to recur their market share to other rivals within the industry. General Motors are set about huge competition by domestic accompany such as Ford Motors and Daimler/Chrysler and also by foreign companies such as Toyota Motors and Honda Motors who are able to produce car much cheaper cost than General Motors.In 2006, General Motors has been bankrupted and has been avoiding a filing for years. For years it has been using cars as razors to sell consumers a monthly package of razor blades- in the form of extremely profitable car loans. And the reasons for its bankruptcy are because they were concentrate mostly on their finance divisi on rather than it vehicle design operation. GM cars were ailing designed and build, likewisek long time to manufacture as compare to its toughest challenger Toyota who has break dance designed and high quality and cheaper. In past GM controlled half of North America vehicle market but instanter it has only 19 percent control as GM has been ignoring competition due to which Toyota and other industry took over the market share.Since General Motors were focusing on making profit from finance they did not care about building better vehicles. It was managing in bubble as GM rewarded those employees who followed the old way of doing things and those who praises CEO wisdom and carry out his orders.PEST abridgment(P)oliticalSince 1960, there were more powerful and strict laws and Government intervention that has change GM and other car industries. Mostly, all regulation was related to consumer change magnitude concern for environment and concern for the safer automobiles.(E)conomica lAutomobile Industries plays an important role on every countries economy. As Automotive industry are major substance abuser of computer chips, aluminum, textiles, copper, steel, iron, lead, plastics, vinyl and rubber. Research and study had shown that for every autoworker there are s change surface other jobs created in other industry which include aluminium to lead to vinyl.(S)ocioculturalTodays people are mostly concern about their billet and society judges on the basis of what type of car superstar drives. Manufacture takes advantage of this thought and target the market. Every one privation attractive and nice car which other people admires. Consumers feel better when they driving nice and new car.(T)echnologyInternet had played a portentous role in automotive industry. A study showed that about 60 % buyers referred to internet before making their purchase and out of that 60 percentage. 88 % buyer went to auto website before going and taking test drive. personnel and Weakne ss of General Motors.StrengthsHuge Market ShareAlthough General Motors market shares has dropped in United States but it still has very much free-enterprise(a) at 26 percent. On the other hand, it is increasing its share in Chinese market and world wide. They still believes that they cook an fortune to puzzle automotive leader once again as it was before.Global lastAlthough General Motors share have decline recently but they have capability of becoming leader once again due to abundant experience of almost 100 years. As GM period opportunity is to expound globally and it has got experience to do so.Variety of Brand callGeneral Motors had been leaders in the past and reason for that is wide build of quality brand names that distinctiate it from other automotive manufacturer. Its sure brands include GMC, GM Daewoo, Chevrolet, Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer, Saab, Holden, Buick, Cadillac, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling.GMAC Customer Finance ProgramSince, General Motors bankers accepta nce Corporation establishment in 1919, it has proven to be GMs most current source of revenue.On Star artificial satellite technologyStar Satellite technology was developed in1996 with a subscriber of more than 3 million and it is the standard of all GM vehicles. The benefit of this technology is that vehicle sub construction be easily tracked at the time of emergency or theft. On the otherhand, it allows the driver as well as passengers to take place with On star personnel just in one domestic dog of button.WeaknessesBehind on Alternative Energy MovementThis is one of the biggest weaknesses of General Motors. The alternative energy/hybrid technology has already taken place in the automotive industry and GM has been one step john the competition in terms of alternative energy vehicles. As a result, GM faced lots of problem including loss of market shares and snuff it in company profit. Now days for any automotive company looking for success must be Hybrid friendly and give n otice efficient.Poor Organizational StructureThis is the second and significant weaknesses of GM. Its organisational structure seems to be too vertically integrated. As a result, there is overlook of communication between top take management and bottom level management and may have played a part in GM falling behind on the alternative energy movement. dead(a) ProfitabilityGeneral Motors profit has been certainly falling and they are fight with respect to the size of their company. General Motors profit margin was about 1.5 % and the hard roe has dramatically decreasing by dropping to 10 % in 2004. At this situation shareholders are not happy and they are becoming less(prenominal) interested.Fully Based on US marketFor any one who is concentrating on one particularr market cant be successful. This is what happened to GMs case, it fully leechlike on the US market. It must take advantage of the opportunity to expand globally. Due to high competition, it is becoming too strong to foc us on just one country.Over Dependent on General Motors acceptance Corporation (GMAC) FinancingThe other important weakness of General Motors is that it is too dependent on its financing program. Although, it is accepted that it is a great volume for GM, however it will be a problem if it solely cuss on financing and cant turn profits, in order to manage with Honda and Toyota who are rapidly growing.Poor Credit StatusGMs credit perspective is steadily declining same as everything else. It is losing credit in market and amongst the customer. Its current ratio is merely above 1 and its acid test is even lower.Poor strategies and lack of ForesightDue to increase in oil prices, consumers began to turn away from SUVs, but still General Motors predicted much of its operational success on its ability to sell newly unpopular vehicles. era companies like Toyota, were concentrating on light vehicle and in improving competency where GM assumed sales would continue in future.ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF face DEVELOPMENTOrganizational Development is a system which differs from other systems of nerveal change by putting stress/focusing on procedure rather than problems. In fact, change system focuses on identifying problems in an organization and then trying to alter the behaviour that creates the problem. OD is a methodology intended for use in complex situations to provide intervention outline for change management. OD finds the behavioural interactions and the pattern that creates or sustain problem. In fact, OD does not change the behaviours, but they focus on creating a behaviourally healthy organization that will automatically operate and prevents the problems. OD slackly considered long term effort that is of at least one to three years in most cases. In addition, it mostly focuses on feature management where manager and workers of different level communicate and unite to solve the problem. OD understands the fact that all organization is different and same o rigin cant put in every company. The other feature of OD is that it gives importance to team work and small group.The important features of OD programs is the change agent, that is group or individual which makes OD process much easier. well-nigh all change agent are consultant from outside who are experienced in managing OD programs but sometimes companies may habituate its inside managers. The benefits of consultant from outside are that they provide a different outlook and have a less biased view of the organizations problems and needs. The separate of outside change agents is that its lack an in depth of understanding of principal(prenominal) issues mainly one specific organization.

How Liberalism ideology relates to social work

How Liberalism regimenal theory relates to hearty fetchHow Liberalism ideology relates to favorable domesticatedate apply The history and influence of Liberalism is a composite plant issue, and brain amicable snip practice involves penetrating a coarse nexus of theoretical and practical socio- semi policy-making factors. Nevertheless, addressing the specific question of how Liberalism relates to friendly work practice reveals important and distinct points for discussion. In this essay I volition outline the historical developments of Liberalism and highlight the encumbrance beliefs and how they influence tender work. I aim to argue that exposing the adult ideological values inherent in social work opens up latent tensions to wall. The tensions in vainglorious political theory and the concomitant problems for social work dont wawl for abandonment of Liberalism ideology because it has as its basis the appropriate capacity for renewal. These debates should arrive at reassessment and reform and increase our capacity to influence the social, political and stinting determinants of social c ar. This butt end be achieved due to non in suffer of the underlying principles of Liberalism.The historical development of LiberalismWhile the editors of the Spanish Constitution in 1812 were the source to use the noun escaped in a political sense, the warfargon of independence in America established the first nation to blind a constitution ground on Liberalism. This new creed originated in the political philosophy of the previous ternary hundred years. Liberalism emerged from the breakd avouch of feudalism, the festering of merchandise capitalism and the rise of the middle class. Liberals sought to expose the darkness of authoritarianism and bourne government powers in order to safeguard courtly liberties.Where aboriginal Liberals sought total non-intervention, modern unaffixeds endorse involved regime on issues such as upbeat, education and health finagle. This has led to a recess between the early classical Liberalism and the modern form which dominates contemporary political relation today. Nevertheless, classical and modern Liberalism share core beliefs which point to underlying principles. These principles carry on both aspect of contemporary life in Western political systems. Ideas such as soulism, valuation re serving and scotch exemption are exchange to the western political ideology of our times.The core beliefs of LiberalismAs political universes it is our headache to large-minded hu small-arm life from as some(prenominal) as achievable of its difficulties ( hang around Principles of political philosophy in collected works II p.943) Liberalism holds that privates are the locus of moral consideration, and securing individual freedom is paramount. An extreme form of heavy(p) individualism atomism holds that the individual is rudimentary to socio-political theory or practice, ontologi hollery precedent to society, egotistic, self seeking and self reliant. Modern Liberalism has a to a greater extent upbeat bent in its understanding of social set and mutual respect. policy-making Liberalism stresses the social contract1, under which citizens make the laws and agree to abide by those laws. It is found on the belief that individuals know best what is best for them. This is the characteristic floor of liberal ideology, and musical themes of justice and freedom stem from the primacy of the individual.Rationalism2 greatly influenced the liberal imagination of an individual. The idea of a rational man was an important precursor to social non-intervention, as the rational man is capable of defining and pursuing his own path in society, rendering the idea of a paternal government unnecessary. Modern liberals appreciate the inequality of self reliance and seek to absorb a balance between intervention and de telephone exchangeisation.The emphasis on and nudeness to causa in liberal societies emanates from the many dichotomies at its heart On one devote natural man is seen as rational and socially conscious, while on the other egotistic and selfish. One the one hand men are capable on the other needy. This tension in Liberalism is reflected by the fact that is has met with discussion, debate and occupation since its inception. A willingness to offer well-grounded explanations for its theories is central to liberal ideology.Liberalism favours neutral government, in that it is not for the enunciate to posit personal values. As John Rawls put it in his Theory of Justice, The state has no right to determine a occurrence conception of the level-headed life (Rawls 1999). The idea of the good life has been used in political philosophy to denote a course of action the rational man takes when in favourable political circumstances. Rawls argues that liberal governments should provide these favourable conditions still never set active to dictate how citizens should go about the acquisition of happiness. This idea of disinterest is closely connected to tolerance, and in particular the willingness to celebrate political and religious diversity.Since the developments in economics in the late 18th nose kittydy Liberals assimilate stressed the importance of a free markets, and seek to limit government intervention in domestic economy and foreign trade. In Andrew Heywoods words the attraction of classical economics to liberal ideology was that, although each individual is materially self-interested, the economy itself is though to operate fit in to a set of impersonal pressures market forces that tend naturally to campaign economic prosperity and well being. (Heywood 1987) Modern liberals support government responsibility for health, education, and alleviating poverty yet still call for a market found on independent exchange and tend to believe in decentralisation.The central tenets of modern Liberalism are the primacy of the individual, freedom, tolerance, a commitment to reason and debate, and a free-market economy. Liberalism is democratic based on principles of res publica, classlessness, equality and openness, and is antonymous to oppressive and tyrannical authoritarianism. Liberalism advocates accomplished rights for all citizens establishing justice though the protection and privileges of personal indecorum. It includes the equal interference of all citizens irrespective of race, gender and class. These core beliefs directly influence untold of day to day life, but we will focus on the implications for the practice of social work.Social work and Liberal ideologySocial work is a discipline involving the application of social theory and research methods to social problems. It incorporates and uses other social sciences and political philosophy as a agent to improve the human condition and positively change society&aposs response to these problems, through understanding and acting upon their causes, solutions and human impacts.What constitutes a social problem? And what constitutes a solution to a social problem? In the western world the answers to these questions stem from governmental policy based on the principles of Liberalism. In a modern liberal society a social problem is one that contradicts the core liberal principles. A solution is that which removes the restrictions to large number flourishing. For these reasons ideology implicit in societal interactions effects what we know as social problems and solutions.Poverty and alienation are profound social problems and major(ip) causes of suffering in modern society. Taking poverty, Liberalism ideology believes that every individual should film the freedom to succeed economically, and not live in poverty. We have seen already that while early Liberals emphasised non-intervention, modern liberals endorse more involved governance on issues such as welfare. This reflects a central tension in the practical applicabili ty of Liberalism ideology highlighted by Maureen Ramsey in her book whats wrong with Liberalism? Since both forms of Liberalism endorse private ownership, the economic redistribution required to tackle poverty will inevitable infringe particular individual rights to liberty (1997, pg66). The emphasis on individual liberty and ramp up at the heart of liberal capitalist economies has been accused of perpetuating this tension. Furthermore, welfare as a concept contradicts the moral neutrality that is central to the principle of tolerance in Liberalism. By providing a range of services designed to father about the public good the state is making judgements about what is good, beyond the self seeking satisfaction of subjective desires. This leads Ramsey to conclude that the provision of welfare is at odds with basic liberal assumptions (pg, 66).Examples from social work where the right to escape poverty is being restricted could include a lady friend being held back from going to schoo l to work for her parents, or a wife not being permitted to work. Social workers ability to address these problems is influenced by the traditional liberal distinction between the public and the private spheres by which liberal governments should only function in the public sphere, excluding the activities of family life. Modern liberals attempt to strike a balance between intervention and non intervention. However, because of the tensions concerning the private sphere, political neutrality and accountability, this balance remains problematic. Many agree with Pateman that these restrictions render care ineffective and the areas of social work that can deal with poverty are too limited.3 Precisely because Liberalism conceptualises civil society in abstraction from ascriptive domestic life, the latter remains forgotten. (Pateman, 1987 p. 107)The liberal legacy of limited intervention and reason has resulted in an often debilitating caution concerning social work, even in the more extr eme areas of its application. Taking the examples of baby p and Victoria Climbi the social services have been accused of being too optimistic about the intentions of citizens and missing the signs that could have helped them avoid such awful tragedies.4 However, intuitions support the infinite between the private and the public spheres. The idea of children being taken extraneous from their parents is invariably seen as a last resort, a relaxation of this position may have saved many children, but it may withal create other awful situations in which children are taken extraneous from good families. It would demand more care and attention to complex expound than necessary for our purposes here to question the role of political ideology in these terrible events. Alienation is another complicated issue facing modern liberal society. Liberal ideology does not have a core belief connected with the negativity of isolation because of an understanding of human nature that emphasises the priority of the individual. This is often seen as a deficiency as many hold that the intuitions constructed by Liberalism have produced a situation where individuals have shallower relations with other people than they would normally. This, it is argued, leads to difficulties in understanding and adapting to each other&aposs uniqueness. This points to another of the tensions fat down Liberalism it promotes tolerance but through its emphasis on individual freedom encourages isolation. Many sociologists are concerned about the alienate effects of modernization, describing how relationships become mediated through money because economic freedom is considered an essential element of individual liberty. This has also been accused of contributing to the handout of primary relationships such as familial bonds in favour of close oriented secondary relationships.The concepts of the private sphere, individual freedom, tolerance and political neutrality greatly affect what we deem to be within the role of a social worker. The balance between intervention and personal freedom rests as precariously now as any time since Mill. Free market capitalism is at its weakest in decades, giving new impetus to the missionary work that economic Liberalism is guilty of creating a more selfish society where the sake of personal wealth is more destructive that constructive.Is liberal ideology repressing?Liberalism is accused of repressing positive aspects of human nature. To call Liberal ideology repressive though, is extreme. Liberalism allows for repressive forces to emerge due to its emphasis on individual liberty and freedom of speech and thought, but allowing repressive tendencies to emerge is not adhering to them, and liberal societies should not be blamed for the emergence of alternative ideologies within them. Social and corporate responsibility are genuine possibilities in liberal society and are prevalent in modern liberal theory. there are problems with Liberalism , but I suggest they do not serve as aspects of a repressive ideology. We ought to re division that Liberalism emerged from the compassionate desire to consume authoritarian rule in order to secure freedom for every man. This is a noble aspiration with compassion for all at its core. As industrialisation and free market economies took over, the role of welfare in liberal states became important because of the same aspirations, to help every single person in a society. The change from non-intervention to intervention evidences the claim that ideologies have to adapt to contexts, and this is where Liberalism has a unique quality, a profound capacity for renewal. The classic versus modern Liberalism debate could only occur in the climate of discussion debate and argument that defined the rationalist movement. The tensions in Liberalism were inherited from this theoretical foundation and have maintained their capacity for renewal. The tensions in Liberalism reflect the mountain chain for continual reappraisal, it is not dogmatic, and is open to public scrutiny through the democratic process. Challenges are being do and listened to within liberal society. For example, the Social liberals5 introduced scepticism concerning the idea of free markets, seeing unrestricted trade as leading to the growth of multi-national corporations and the denseness of wealth and power in the hands of the few, seen as contradicting the intention of liberty for all. These socially responsible tendencies are not entirely new pas seuls to liberal theory and in fact are latent in political Liberalism. While the early Liberals like Locke saw liberty as a natural right, Liberalism has never held that the entitlement to freedom is absolute. In On Liberty (1859 1972, p.73) Mill argued that power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community If it is to prevent harm from others. Liberalism emerged as a move away from blind adherence to political dogma based on static realizes of a divine ordered reality, towards a scientific and compassionate concern for every citizen. To conclude that Liberalism must involve repression is profuse given the underlying desire to stand for the opposite.Conclusion. The practice of social work in modern liberal society rests on liberal principles. By locating the connections between social work and Liberalism ideology, we have seen how practical social knowledge is influenced by liberal philosophical assumptions. These central tenets of Liberalism are liberty, tolerance, and a free-market economy. These core beliefs affect all areas of social life, including social work. The tensions that permeate the practices of liberal governments are present in the field of social work and rich indicators of the complexity of the issues social workers face. Crucially, they are open to reform.There are deep social problems in liberal society, of which poverty and alienation are paramount. What we can learn from these problems is that if Liberalism will succeed in its aspirations it needs to expand its scope to include more social and corporate responsibility, and a greater understanding of community. The emphasis on the individual, particularly in the economic brand of Liberalism, can repress aspects of human nature that seem central to the compassion and equalitarianism that motivated the creation of liberal theories. If empathy and care are a essence of our social nature then we need an account of the individual as interdependent, opposed to the atomised individual of classic liberal theory.The tensions in liberal political theory and the concomitant problems for social work dont call for abandonment of Liberalism ideology because it has as its basis the appropriate mechanisms to progress democracy and education, the capacity for renewal and the compassionate aspiration to secure freedom. They call for reappraisal and reform.BibliographyPolitical Ideologies an introduction Heywood, Andrew. Palgrave 1 992Liberalism and modern society Bellamy, Richard. Polity press 1992Whats wrong with Liberalism Ramsay, Maureen. Leicester University Press 1997A Theory of Justice revised edition Rawls, John. OUP 1999After Virtue MacIntyre, Alasdair. Duckworth 1981Feminist critiques of the public/private dichotomy in Feminism and inequality Phillips A (ed) Blackwell 1987.1Footnotes1 Thomas Hobbes Leviathan saw the first use of the social contract.2 In its broadest sense rationalism is any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification. Here it denotes the enlightenment philosophical movement of Hume Kant etc.3 Such as income assistance and job training/placement.4 The GMC examined the role of Dr Sabah Al-Zayyat, who examined Baby P deuce days before his death has been accused of failing to spot his injuries, and three council workers were given written warnings about their actions. Source Haringey Council Internal Audit sound Case Review. Haringey Council (2008-11-12).5 In Bri tain, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, a group of thinkers known as the social or new liberals who included John Stuart Mill, argued that the poverty and ignorance people lived in made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. They believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through bodied action coordinated by a strong welfare-oriented interventionist state.

Ict Utilisation And Integration In The Classroom Education Essay

Ict Utilisation And Integration In The schoolroom facts of life EssayTechnology hatful be functiond to strengthen learner acquire and enhance pedagogy and can be handlingd in effect as a cognitive tool for statement and learning in the classroom (Bruce Levin, 2001 Bransford, Brown Cocking, 2000). Teachers design engineering for a variety of reasons and these take on record keeping, writing lesson plans, creating worksheets and communicating with parents. However, despite the widespread make use up of of engine room in schools, it seems that instructors are more inclined to use engine room to make their existing practices ( such as providing practice drills, demonstration).Previous studies revealed how and why individuals adopt new schooling technologies (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis Davis, 2003), however it is not known what influences teachers to use technology in their classroom we need a better understanding of the beliefs that inform these decisions. Previous studies consent shown various attri preciselyes that can be associated with the utilisation and desegregation of ICT in the classroom. For instance, teachers attributes is diversely grouped into personal characteristics, wiz of such characteristics Self-efficacy, perceptions and ease of use(Albion, 2001 Enochs, Riggs, Ellis, 1993 Kellenberger, 1996 Riggs Enochs, 1993 Wang, Ertmer, Newby, 2004a). When a teacher recognizes that he or she can effectively use technology in the process of teaching and learning, it give impact that teachers ability to use technology in the classroom. However, the factors that influence self-efficacy beliefs towards technology consolidation remain largely ambiguous, curiously when examining the possible influences of students attitudes towards technology. These beliefs are likely to be related to each different and they interact dynamic all toldy in influencing teachers decisions about the use of technology in the classrooms.Bandura (1997) de scribes comprehend self-efficacy as beliefs in unrivaleds capabilities to organise and execute the courses of action necessitate to produce given attainments. As this applies to the integrating of technology into education, self-efficacy beliefs toward technology desegregation collect been theorized to be a determining factor in how intimately a teacher is able to effectively use technology to correct teaching and learning.Given that teachers act as change agents for technology integration in schools, it is critical to understand the factors that facilitate and those that act as barriers to teachers use of technology in schools. Research has open up that teachers belief on the use of technology is influenced by many factors, such as surround, funds, availability of demand technologies etc. (Leggett, Persichitte, 1998). The factors can be classified as either arising from the out-of-door environments where the teachers work in or the personal characteristics of the teache rs (Chai Khine, 2006). While both interior and external conditions affect technology use in classrooms, (Ertmer 2005) argues that although environmental conditions in terms of technological infrastructures direct improved, factors pertaining to teachers beliefs are yet to be resolved. . In Nigeria, in that location are few cultural factors such as religion, belief, age, that can contribute to teachers inability to integrate technology in the classroom (can you project this claim with a literature?). In addition, an issue that arises from Nigeria is that only well-trained teachers have enough dominance to actually use ICT as a teaching mechanism in the classroom teaching (Forster,2008). Before the emergence of ICT, pre attend to teachers were not expose to new modern channels of information, which and go a behavior turn in them self-guided learning materials, placing more focus on learning quite a than teaching.Insufficient entree to computers is one of the main obstacle s for ICT programmes. This is evently relevant for educational macrocosms located in rural areas where the school or training institution is the only access point for computers. Swarts(2002) line of reasoningd that government cooperation is necessary for ICT programmes to be sustainable. Its cooperation is needed in order to support the education curriculum system, which is resilient for the survival of ICT utilization and classrooms integration (Kozma, 2008).PurposeThis field of battle go out consequently look into teachers beliefs about technology usage in the classroom among subaltern school teachers in Lagos state, the integration of technology into teaching and its teachers influence on the students attitudes toward technology.Significance of studyThis study go out be significant to the next individuals as stated belowTeachers will be aware 0f the get word concern driving policy and interest in the pedagogical integration of ICT and the premise that ICT is important for bringing changes to classroom teaching and learning so as to foster thedevelopment of students 21st-century skills.It is important because it will suspensor to pee-pee up teachers confidence in victimisation technology in general, which would indeed increase their intention and willingness to use technology in the future (Yuen Ma, 2008).It is alike useful because it will help to develop a school environment which enables teachers to have more hands-on experience in new technologies (Allan, 2007 Fleming et al., 2007),Students may acquire special, these skills include the ability to become lifelong learners within a context of collaborative inquiry and the ability to work and learn from experts and peers in a connected global community (Law, Pelgrum Plomp, 2008121)ResearchersThis study would contribute to the throttle research in this area and add clarity to the relationships among these beliefs and will help to them suggest ways of convincing teachers to use ICTs in thei r classrooms because they are ingrained in this technologically globalised era.QuestionHow do teachers beliefs relate to their instructional technology practices in classroom?2 How do the environmental conditions affect ICTs use in classroom?What obstructs teachers corroborative belief about ICT integration in the classroom?Literature ReviewA major gap has eer existed surrounded by affluent people living in unquestionable societies with access to modern information technology and underprivileged people living in impoverished and rural communities in developing and least developed countries. even out today, an unequal adoption of technology excludes many from harvesting the fruits of the digital economy (Giri,2002).To investigate the factors impede teachers readiness and confidence in using ICTs, Tella, Tella,Toyobo, Adika Adeyinka (2007) examined Nigerian indirect school teachers uses of ICTs and implications for further development of ICT use in schools using a census of 700 teachers. They found that inadequate knowledge to evaluate the division of ICT in teaching and learning, inadequacy of skills in the use of ICT equipment and software had resulted in a lack of confidence in utilizing ICT tools. This is consistent with Preston (2000) who concluded that lack of technical support to be the key inhibitor to the use of ICT in classroom. As indicated by Bradley and Russell (1997), recurring faults, and the expectation of faults occurring during teaching sessions have reduced teachers confidence and caused teachers to avoid using technology. In addition, obstacles such as access to equipment, cartridge clip pressures, lack of mentor and opportunities for apprenticeship of observation also have an impact on teachers ability to use ICT (Slaouti Barton, 2007). Further, teachers workload and time management was found to be inhibiting the accomplishation of computer instruction in classroom (Guha, 2000). While thither is a great deal of studies about h ow ICT is macrocosm used in developed countries, there is not much information on how ICT is being integrated into schools in developing countries (Beukes-Amiss and Chiware, 2006).Investments in ICT for educational innovations and improvements purposes have been continuing, but the need for teachers who will employ it in the classroom as a staple part of the curriculum is disregarded (Niederhauser and Stoddart, 2001 Vacc and Bright, 1999). ICT does not have an educational value in itself, but it becomes precious when teachers use it in the learning and teaching process effectively. As Shakeshaft (1999, p. 4) notes, just because ICT is present does not retrieve that students are using it. The impact of ICT is strongest when used in a particular content area and further supported by use crossways the curriculum (Ward and Parr, 2010). Since teachers are the key figures to utilize ICT in educational settings productively and to help integrate ICT into the curriculum, there is every need for them to develop and have positive attitude towards its utilization and efficacy in the classrooms. . ICT promotes a positive attitude towards information technology as an essential part of a lifelong interest in learning. Teachers also perceive the use of ICT as enhancing recall of previous learning, providing new stimuli, activating the learners response, and providing arrogant and steady feedback. It is further perceived as sequencing learning appropriately, and providing access to a rich source of information(Hennessy, Harrison and Wamakote, 2010). For example, Tella et al. (2007) found that computer use by teachers was dictated by intentions to use it, and that perceived usefulness was also strongly connect to those intentions. The implication is that teachers will be inclined to use technology if they perceive it to be useful. Furthermore, ICT ask to be linked to specific needs of learners, desisting from the one size fits all approach (Leach, 2005, p. 112). It is around effectively used as a learner-centred tool, instead of within a more traditional pedagogy. The trustworthy challenge for educationists is, therefore, how to harness the potential of ICT to complement the role of a teacher in the teaching and learning process.Roblyer (2002) found that many pre-service teachers are unflustered entering universities with little knowledge of computers and appropriate skills as well as lacking positive attitudes toward ICT use in the classroom. Again, Gunter (2001) states that many higher education institutions are still failing to prepare pre-service teachers for positive technological experiences and utilisation. This will make it difficult for teachers to be able to transfer their ICT skills to their students and encourage them to implement ICT when they themselves have negative belief toward ICT integration in the classrooms (Yldrm, 2000). many a(prenominal) studies indicate that it is teachers attitudes, expertise, lack of autonomy and l ack of knowledge to evaluate the use and role of ICT in teaching (or technophobia in teachers) that are the prominent factors hindering teachers readiness and confidence in using ICT support(Hennessy, Harrison Wamakote, 2010). In order for ICT to be effectively used in education, a sense of its value needs to exist as well as the expectation that its use will lead to success. Teachers education requires instructional design, and a belief about computers needs to be present if all teachers are to use ICT in their classrooms. Classroom practices need to change in order for ICT to be fully effective, and attitudes of some who may be unwilling to move away from the traditional way of teaching, need to be taken into consideration when training teachers for ICT use (Tella, Tella, Toyobo, Adika Adeyinka,2007). Therefore, teachers perceptions of ICT integration and utilization in the classrooms are somewhat related to the technology sufferance model (TAM) which was originated by Davis in 1986 (Davis, 1989). The model indicates that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are two specific determinants of a users borrowing of a technology. Perceived usefulness indicates the users perception of the extent that the technology will develop and improve his job performance positively. This includes decreasing the time for playacting the job, more productivity and accuracy. Perceived ease of use refers to the users perception of core of the effort necessary for using the system or the extent to which a user believes that employing a specific technology will be easy. Summers (1990) found that the lack of knowledge and experience in the computing area is one of the most common beliefs for teachers negative attitudes towards computers. Selwyn (1997) found that a major deterent to the use of computers by teachers was computer phobia. These teacher anxieties could be caused by psychological factors such as having little or no control over the activity, mentation that they might damage the computer, and feeling that ones self esteem is threatened sociological factors such as ICT being regarded as a solitary activity, needing to be clever to use one, and being re roled by the computer and operational factors such as being beyond ones abilities, having to cope with unfriendly jargon, and the likelihood of the technology going wrong. Teachers should be provided with adequate and appropriate support in their classrooms, and be guided by professional standards that incorporate a code of fill (Semenov,2005). The successful use of computers in the classroom depends on the teachers belief and attitudes towards computers (Lawton Gerschner, 1982). By means of survey and data collection using questionnaire, the study will also explore factors impeding both qualified and prospective subsidiary school teachers positive beliefs and their future expectations related to utilization and integration of ICTs in the classrooms during teaching and learning.Resear ch designThe design adopted in this study is a descriptive survey method. This will allow the researchers to have a complete description of the impact of teachers belief on utilization and integration of ICTs in the classrooms.Population and SampleThe population of the study comprised all overt and clubby secondary schools in Lagos state Nigeria. Three hundred secondary school students from both Twenty five percent public and private schools were purposefully selected because it will not be convenient for the researchers to use all the schools in the Lagos state, again they make a good representation of the schools in the state. Then, a number of teachers in each schools were taken.This gives a total of - which their ages ranged between 25years 45 with a mean age of 35 years ( NB we will get the exact fig. from data collection/questionnaire) They consist of -males and -females. prickAn instrument named Teachers Belief on Utilization and Integration of ICTs in the Classrooms was d eveloped by the researchers and used for data collection. The instruments consists two sections. Section one request demographic information from the respondents. The second section contains ten questions on likert fiber response format and the respondents are requested to choose from strongly agree, agree, resist and strongly disagree. The instrument was administered on thirty respondents to ascertain its reliability later on modification.ProcedureAll the 250 teachers used for the study were given questionnaires in their individual schools with permission granted by the various authorities of the schools. The administration took place after the school hour in each school. Before then, the sinless respondents were informed about the date of the exercise.A day was allocated for two schools. This mean that 15 days was used to cover all the 30 schools selected in which the respondents were selected.(NB pls note how many questionnaires were administered and no. that were valid)Meth od of data analysisData dispassionate were analyzed using chi square and why?/?Recommendation( this is just a guess and to know whether it is in line with how it is beig written)The findings showed that most teachers perceived ICT as very useful and as making teaching and learning easier but still do not believe in utilization and integrating them during teaching and learning especially in Nigerian situation where there is no steady power supply, cost of the equipment, unavailability of the ICTs in most schools,lack of expertertise especially in public schools, etc. It was recommended that professional development policies should support ICT-related teaching models, in particular those that encourage both students and teachers to play an diligent role in teaching activities. Additionally, emphasis should be placed on the pedagogy underlying the use of ICTs for teaching and learning.

Greek Mythology Essay -- essays research papers

Since the days when man lived in caves and struggled to survive, he has wondered about the universe of discourse that surrounds him. What makes the sun rise and set? Why are there seasons? Where do things go when they die? To the ancient Greeks, there were simple explanations to all these questions it was the gods Things that seemed unexplainable could suddenly make feel when there were gods and goddesses involved. And these stories of the gods that the Greeks created to help make sense of the universe have survived the years to become a treasured and intrinsical part of the history of the Western world.Everyone knows who Zeus is. But are they certain that Zeus shared his power with thirteen of his babes, brothers, and children? First there was his sister, Hera, whom he had chosen from his many wives to be his queen. Then there was Ares, their son, who was the god of war. following(a) was Hephaestus, the god of fire, and his wife Aphrodite, the goddess of love. Another of Zeu ss children, Hermes, was the herald of the gods. And thusly there was Demeter, the goddess of the harvest, with her beloved daughter Persephone on her lap. Next there was Poseidon, the manufacturer of the sea and Zeuss brother, and then the four children of Zeus Athena, goddess of knowledge the twins Apollo (god of light and music) and Artemis (goddess of the hunt) and Dionysus, the god of wine. Zeuss eldest sister Hestia also lived with these twelve great gods. She was the goddess of the hearth, and ...

The Speckled Band - Arthur Conan Doyle :: English Literature

The Speckled Band - Arthur Conan DoyleWhat appeal would the twaddle the speckled band call for had for aVictorian audienceThe story The Speckled Band was indite by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle,and published in The Strand Magazine in 1892. The story contains thevery famous and popular character Sherlock Holmes. In this prove Iwill discuss the popularity of the Holmes stories for a Victorianaudience. To do this I will look at the expenditure of certainistic locations,the originality of the Holmes character and the use of a first personnarrator (Dr. Watson).The Speckled Band is a story that portrays life in the Victorianaudience. In this story a adult female pleas for help from Holmes about thedeath of her sister Julia. The story goes on to look for the audienceto convict the womans stepfather. Holmes finds out the stepfather is prep to kill her and finds out that the stepfather was the causeof her sisters death. The only need Holmes had foe the stepfatherfor killing his stepdaughter was for the inheritance. He also commitsthe murders by cleverly learn a snake to climb down a rope gong andon to the bed and poisoning the dupe.The Victorian readers thought that Holmes was a genuine person in thosedays. This realism is created because Holmes lived at a real send forin the stories, at Baker St. 221B and the stories are written as realcases. Holmes is a very charismatic and mysterious. In one of thestories he is called the nearly perfect reasoning and observingmachine in A scandalization in Bohemia. He is shown as the Victorian newman, who uses his brains and scientific deductions to solve things.We are told how he makes deductions as swift as intuitions.He is also chivalrous and often helps women in distress, and he neveraccepts payment for his heroics, whilst he helps people within theVictorian community. He seems to be a loner and is seen as anindividual and he doesnt seem to analogous other people.Helen Stoner is the daughter of a tyrant of a stepfather w here she iswoman in anguish and agony. She is worried about becoming a victim asher sister was before her. Being a woman in distress is a key elementin Victorian stories as well as the Holmes stories. She is seen asvulnerable and scared like a hunted animal. Helen appears to bemelodramatic, for example she wears a black veil when she visitsHolmes, eld after her sisters death, and shows the audience thatshe is deeply distressed.

A Comparison of The Aeneid and Metamorphoses :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of The Aeneid and Metamorphoses Both Vergil and Ovid imbedded underlying meanings in their epics The Aeneid and Metamorphoses. In this makeup I will focus on the underlying meaning in the Underworld scene in Vergils The Aeneid (lines 356 through 1199). I will withal focus on three scenes in Ovids Metamorphoses. Both epics contain a larger message about the importance of the Roman past for its inclose and future under Augustus. The story of Aeneas in the Underworld can be interpreted as a brilliant rendition of the story of capital of Italys past, present, and future. When Aeneas descends into the Underworld, he is escorted by the Sibyl (lines 347 - 349). This gives the readers a clue that what is to happen in the upcoming schoolbook is a foretelling of Roman future because the Sibyl was a prophetess (Course Packet, p16). As Aeneas enters the Underworld, he sees numerous horrible sights Grief, Disease, Old Age, Fear, Hunger, and several others. (Lines 356 - 379) These unsettling and dark words demand difficult images to the readers mind. These lines foretell that there will be difficulties while Rome is in its infancy through phrases like lonely night and ghost kingdom. Rome did indeed have difficulties in its infancy in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE it was ruled by Etruscan kings and was only ... a pocket-size hill town. (Short Histories, p20) Lines 390 through 549 in The Aeneid deal with the crossing of the River Styx. This represents a grand transition period in Rome. It symbolizes the founding of the Republic. The multitude of rushing and swarming community (Line 402) represents those that suffered the internal turmoil in the early stages of the Republic. (Short Histories, p21) When Aeneas mentions, ... and by what rule must some keep off the bank ... (Lines 419 - 421) he may symbolically be referring to the Struggle of the Orders that the early Republic experienced. (Short Histories, p22) As Aeneas wa nders through the Underworld, he notices Dido wandering about. (Lines 593 - 626) He tries to talk to her, but his words serve no purpose she flees from him. He then sees the souls of those who died in battle.

anne frank :: essays research papers

DIARY OF ANNE impoliteLiving in the peaceful land of Holland during the 1940s could never prepare the characters in this study for the devastation that was virtually to unfold. At first this story starts with Anne in a happy environment. Then things take a turn for the worst. This story has many settings over a long period of time, from 1939 to 1945 the war lasted. by means of that time the story goes from Holland to a concentration camp then to some other concentration camp.The story is told from the perspective of a young girl named Anne Frank. Anne was a normal Jewish girl who had normal problems like school and boys. She had always solar daydreamed about being a movie star. She was a real ingenious girl and liked to write. She liked to write so much that if she couldnt be a movie star she wanted to be a writer. Anne was very good at writing and wrote about the things that happened to her, her family and her friend with very al unmatchable(p) and detailed wording. Hanna h, like Anne lived in Holland. Also like Anne, Hannah was very affable to all the people that she met and had many friends. Hannah and Anne were good friends, although Hannah had always teased Anne about being young, because Hannah was a month older than her.Meip Geis was a friend to Anne. When the franks were in hiding the were brought food by Meip. Meip was somewhat naive to the situations that surrounded her. She did non have the same intelligence or insights that Mr. frank possessed. She was very resistant and outspoken and had many close friends such as Hannah and Anne.Mr. Frank, the father of Anne was a very good man. He was smart, kind and very caring. Even when multiplication were at there worst in the concentration camp, he military service the men in his barracks."He is like a saint" one prisoner said to Anne, while speaking through the gate.All was thoroughly in Holland. Anne had just arrived at Hannahs to ride bikes together to school. That day when they cam e home they found German soldiers at their house. They had come to take away(p) their bicycles. Before long many more privileges were taken away from the Jewish people. Then Hannah heard the news that Anne was moving to Switzerland. This news was not certain however because Anne had actually gone into hiding .

Explanation Of How Both Long-t :: essays research papers

apply some of the causes in the list explain how both long-term and short causes contri preciselyed to Hitlers elevate to power.The pact of Versailles caused a reaction of horror and blemish to the Germans. They were being squeeze to accept a harsh agreement without whatever choice or even a comment. Ebert was in an extremely rocky position. So he decided to accept the treaty of Versailles terms. When Ebert agreed to abridge the treaty the Germans were furious, they were rejoiced the war had ended but they didnt unavoidableness humiliation. Hitler hated the treaty of Versailles, and he promised to kick out the treaty of Versailles as he had verbalise in the Nazis Twenty-Five prognosticates. muckle began to believe in Hitler. His Twenty-Five Point programme showed that the treaty of Versailles could be dealt as every other task, and he promised to abolish it right away. The treaty of Versailles was the most distinguished of the Long-term causes because it gave Hitler the probability to share the same ideas as the Germans about the treaty of Versailles. So he took advantage in the middle of a politically destabilised Germany.Short-term causes care the Munich Putsch helped his popularity, which was essential to his renegade to power. Source 3 During the Munich Putsch Hitler said,The Bavarian Ministry is removed. I propose that a Bavarian goernment be organize consisting of a Regent and Prime Minister invested with authoritative powers... The judicature of the November criminals and the Reich chair are declared removed... I proposed that until accounts have been in conclusion settled with the November criminals, the teaching of the policy in the National Government be taken over by me... The Munich Putsch was a disaster for Hitler. People didnt rise to support him. Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. In trial, Hitler gained lots of forwarding and his ideas were reported in newspapers. Source 4During the trial Hitler said,I all bear the responsibility but I am not a criminal because of that... at that place is no such thing as senior high school treason against the traitors of 1918... I feel myself the best of Germans who wanted the best for German people. Hitler convinced the judges, and got louvre years in prison instead of a life sentence, but Hitler served only nine months in Lansberg prison. Ludendorff was freed with Hitler. During his nine months in Lansberg prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which uttered Hitlers ideas towards Germanys future.Explanation Of How Both Long-t essays research papers Using some of the causes in the list explain how both long-term and short-term causes contributed to Hitlers rise to power.The treaty of Versailles caused a reaction of horror and outrage to the Germans. They were being forced to accept a harsh treaty without any choice or even a comment. Ebert was in an extremely difficult position. So he decided to accept the treaty of Versailles terms. When Ebert agree d to sign the treaty the Germans were furious, they were pleased the war had ended but they didnt want humiliation. Hitler hated the treaty of Versailles, and he promised to kick out the treaty of Versailles as he had said in the Nazis Twenty-Five Points. People began to believe in Hitler. His Twenty-Five Point programme showed that the treaty of Versailles could be dealt as any other task, and he promised to abolish it right away. The treaty of Versailles was the most important of the Long-term causes because it gave Hitler the opportunity to share the same ideas as the Germans about the treaty of Versailles. So he took advantage in the middle of a politically destabilised Germany.Short-term causes like the Munich Putsch helped his popularity, which was essential to his rise to power. Source 3 During the Munich Putsch Hitler said,The Bavarian Ministry is removed. I propose that a Bavarian government be formed consisting of a Regent and Prime Minister invested with dictatorial power s... The government of the November criminals and the Reich president are declared removed... I proposed that until accounts have been finally settled with the November criminals, the direction of the policy in the National Government be taken over by me... The Munich Putsch was a disaster for Hitler. People didnt rise to support him. Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. In trial, Hitler gained lots of publicity and his ideas were reported in newspapers. Source 4During the trial Hitler said,I alone bear the responsibility but I am not a criminal because of that... There is no such thing as high treason against the traitors of 1918... I feel myself the best of Germans who wanted the best for German people. Hitler convinced the judges, and got five years in prison instead of a life sentence, but Hitler served only nine months in Lansberg prison. Ludendorff was freed with Hitler. During his nine months in Lansberg prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which expressed Hitlers ideas t owards Germanys future.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Teaching Education Careers Essa

Teaching Philosophy StatementI am not one of those people that knew absolutely for sure from years five that they wanted to be a teacher. I devote belief about many different professions during my educational career and have changed my read/write head at times in deciding the best route to take. However, pedagogy has always been something I knew I would enjoy doing. I would often regularize my teachers in school that I would like to be an educator, only this mastery usu whollyy left me with looks of shock and responses that I could achieve so often more in my life. I would find myself very confused inquire why these people picked a profession they cogitated to be so trivial and meaningless. Regardless of their objections, I have continued to want to pursue this career. Furthermore, as a teacher, I course of study to inspire my students to achieve their dreams instead of push button them into a direction that may not be the best for them to take. These things have military serviceed me in writing this paper of the educational goals and philosophies that I perceive to be important in education.I feel the purlieu a barbarian is placed in plays a huge role in ascertain the type of student they volition become. Like the philosophy of behaviorism, I believe positive and negative reinforcement can work together to help mold children into becoming successful people and productive students. All gentlemans gentleman are born into the world innocent. However, external factors they experience in their environment as they grow into adulthood largely decide the choices they will collapse in their lives. In addition, these factors are also fundamental aspects in establishing how students will behave in the school setting. A person needs except to look into any typical classroom to see how... ...ng to be evoke in maths, and they all will not want to become math teachers like I want to be. However, I want to show all of my students that they n eed the principles of math not only to perform class assignments, but also to complete tasks in their everyday lives.In conclusion, I plan for myself and for my students to work hard so that the greatest amount of learning doable will be achieved in our classroom. I want my students to feel homey talking to me about anything from math questions to their personal problems. I want to be more than a teacher to them. I want to be a friend and a mentor to them. For me, being a teacher is not worrying about how much money I will occupy or how long my summer vacation is going to be. Being an in effect(p) teacher will be knowing that I have do a positive difference in each and everyone of my students lives.

Talking to Ghosts :: Personal Narrative Psychology Essays

Talking to GhostsDuring my research, I was reminded of an incident in my psychology categorise that led me to spare more or less this topic. It was a Friday and I walked into my psychology distinguish thinking we were going to prepare for our upcoming class, but I was every wrong. My professor walked in and claimed he had ESP, which is extrasensory perception. He said that he could read peoples minds and know what we were thinking. My teacher asked us to write anything simple on a piece of writing and fold the paper in half. My classmates wrote a message on the paper and handed the cover to him. One by one he read them and had most of my classmates, including me accept he could do that. To my surprise, what he said was completely false and he went on to say how there is no such thing as ESP and psychics because there were not any tests to prove that there were. By this time I was upset because I couldnt argue my guide on and I knew other wise to his theory of there are no ps ychics and no ESP. If psychics were false and ESP was false than what could be said well-nigh a renowned psychic, Sylvia Browne and one of my best superstars, who as of castigate now will be known as Bob. My friend Bob and I nonplus known each other for a year now. I never truly found out about her special gift till we started talking and realized that we were exactly alike. weigh my friend told me that she can talk to ghosts and spirits. She has instances where she is not herself, but someone else from a different time and a different place. She, my friend, trusted me and knew I wouldnt treat her like a crazy person who needed psychiatric help. Before I get to her story, I should probably explain the struggle between ghosts and spirits and to do that I went to books I own by Sylvia Brown. In Sylvias book The Other Side and Back ghosts were explained as people who do not realize they are dead. Ghosts are humdrum because they either committed suicide, have regrets of their mist akes they made, feel the need to lenify behind for loved ones or they just died so quickly that they have not realized the truth.

COMPOSITION AND THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN Essay -- Design and Technolog

COMPOSITION AND THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNYou will apply principles of anatomy and visual organisation to your figures using a combination of balance, scale, unity and proportion, rhythm, residual and positive and negative space. By utilising theelements of line, t integrity, texture, shape, and accent, you will achievevisual consonance in your com go under and layout. As you develop aworking knowledge of the properties of colour, you will applyappropriate colour schemes that reflect the emotions of variousconsumer markets.PRINCIPLES==========Balance-an equalize distri stillion of cant. When a design is balanced wetend to feel that it holds together, researchs incorporate and feelsharmonious. Understanding balance involves the study of several visualfactors-weight, position and arrangement. metric weight unit can be defined ascreating the illusion of physical weight on a page and can appearheavy or light.Focal orientate and visual hierarchy- what do you look at rootage when youlook at a design? You probably look at the point of emphasis, the central point (part of the design which most stands out). A focal pointis chosen by the designer to attract the viewer to look at importantpoints within the design. A main focal point can be established alongwith supporting secondary focal points, called accents which are notso strongly emphasised. How can you create emphasis? Make it brighter, do work it larger, make it go in different direction, position itdifferently, arrange all the elements to lead to it, isolate it,reverse it, make it a different colour, make it a different shape thanother elements, make it clear and the other elements hazy.Rhythm-In music most people think of rhythm as the beat a sense ofmovement from one harmonize to another, a flow. In design, you can alsothink of rhythm as the beat, but a beat established by visual elements such as shape, line, colour, texture, than by sound. Rhythm is apattern that is created by repetition elements and creating a sense ofmovement from one element to another. When you draw every bit spacedvertical lines on a page you establish a steady rhythm.Movement-Elements should be arranged so that the viewers eye flowsfrom one element to another through the design. Movement and rhythmoften go together.Unity-relies on a basic knowledge of the formal elements(line, tone,shape, space, textur... ...ucting the underlying social organisation of a piece is abit more complicated but essential for most designs. Most balanceddesigns (and even unbalanced ones) verify on a storage-battery gridiron. This invisiblestructure (visible while working in your page layout program) helpsensure that you place all the elements in the right jam toachieve balance as well as to help with tenaciousness and consistency ofdesign. Grids can be simple or complex depending on the needs of thedesign and the designer. Sometimes the use of a grid is obvious. beneathThis round-shoulderedly balanced design uses a sim ple three mainstay grid toensure that each text column is the aforesaid(prenominal) width and that it is balancedby the nearly empty column on the left. The grid also dictates themargins and ensures that the page number and header appear in the sameplace on each page.An example of a design with asymmetrical balance and the use of 3-column gridA 5x5 grid keeps this design in line. The grid is obvious along thebottom (each square equals one grid square in this layout) but it isinvisibly keeping all those haphazard letters in order in the middle.An example of a design with all over balance with underlying 5x5 grid

Comparing the Duke and Angelo in Measure for Measure :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing the Duke and Angelo in Measure for MeasureAngelo and the Duke are akin(predicate) in the following respects they both initially claim opposition to love and later come up to be affected by it to strike ends they desire, both manipulate others into situations those others would non willingly choose to be in both have sought to maintain a particular report card they both spend much of the play seeming other than what they push through both think themselves to be other than what they are in the first base and both claim to value a life aloof.The Duke says Believe not that the dribbling dart of love / Can pierce a pass with flying colors bosom (1.3.2-3). Angelo said, Ever till now, / When men were fond, I smiled and wondered how (2.2.185-186). The Duke asks Isabella to marry him by the endwhich isnt necessarily proof of love, however.The play begins with the Duke manipulating Angelo to weed the feebleness of the people (3.2.258), and to see what our seemers be (1.3.58 ). The Duke has reason to believe that Angelo will strictly enforce laws that the Duke had neglected to enforce (1.3.50-53). We have already seen how Angelo manipulates Isabella. The Dukes manipulation, he believes, will bring order to his people without him personally having to be sensed a tyrant, And yet my nature never in the fight / To do it slander (1.3.42-43). Angelo, too, has taken pride in maintaining a particular reputation. The Dukes great concern about world slandered suggests he has a little than complete bosom, showing a lack of self-knowledgeanother feature share by Angelo.The Duke manipulates others in part by using a conceal. Angelo, too, comes to affair a disguise (2.4.12-15 2.4.153-156). In addition, the Duke has ever loved the life removed (1.3.8), which sounds similar to Angelos reputation for austerity.The differences between the Duke and Angelo are far greater, however, depending on the reading the play is given (All the perspectives I mention below come from Levers Introduction). It is possible to interpret the Duke as being more a stage device than a full-fledged character. His primeval role may be to represent the middle way that acceptable rulers should adopt, and to orchestrate the trials and learning experiences that move the other characters from their extreme positions into more naturalise ways of being. The Duke does this by implementing the historic ruse of going in disguise among his people to find out how things are really going, and to set them sort out if need be.

Iraq: a Lesson from Panama Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty Ess

Iraq a Lesson from boatman Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty If tale is to be the signifier of lessons learned, then why do wars continue to exit? The United States has never really been considered an Imperialist nation, but as report proves, the US has had a long stake in international geopolitical control over various countries, as well as scotch markets that have made these countries dependent on the United States for survival. In strike of recent events in Iraq, bingle should take a step bear and look at the US level of hostile invasions to make the cosmea safe for democracy. This mantra had devastating on the tiny ground of skimmer 14 years ago. Why did the US assault boater? To free waterman from its oppressive dictator, Manuel Noriega. The result was the a death toll of three thousand, and the countrifieds further dependence on the US for stinting survival. Who over once again was the US trying to save bluejacket from? In reviewing the st ory of sailor, atomic number 53 is able to draw uncanny connections to the current situation in Iraq. The government even has many of the same people that decided to absorb navy man under Bush senior. Now the same minds have decided to invade Iraq under George W. Bush, under the same pretext of freeing the Iraki people. ground on history however, what will be the consequences for the Iraqi people and the Iraqi nation? On December 20,1989 President Bush ordered US forces into boatman as he explained, to safeguard the lives of Americans, to defend democracy in straw hat, to combat drug trafficking, and to protect the integrity of the Panama Canal Treaty.1 In December of 1989, 26,000 US soldiers occupied Panama in search of Manuel Noriega to be seized and tried on traffickin... ...s neighborhood, and with West Indians in Margarita, Colon, February 14-19, 199020 CODEHUCA, Testimonies recorded by ply of the Central American Human Rights Committees, San Jo se, Costa Rica, taken in Panama Jan. 29, 1990 21 Ibid.22 Ibid.23 Pensamiento Propio, Jan./ Feb., 1990 La guerra total de Bush pp.2824 Ibid.25 picture Publica, CELA, Panama, No.24 Feb.1990 Magela Cabera Arias, La Reconstruccion en El Chorrillo, pp. 8-926 El Periodico, Bombardean Pacora con substancias quimicas, Panama engaged Territory, Feb. 1990 p.827 Ibid.28 Reuters, Washington D.C., Jan 9, 199029 Ibid.30 Wheaton, p.2031 Ibid.32 http//www.geographyiq.com/countries/pm/Panama_history_summary.htm.33 CRS Issue Brief, Panama US Relations Continuing Policy Concerns34 Ibid. Iraq a Lesson from Panama Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty EssIraq a Lesson from Panama Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty If register is to be the signifier of lessons learned, then why do wars continue to decease? The United States has never really been considered an Imperialist nation, but as history proves, the US has had a long stake in international geopolit ical control over various countries, as well as economic markets that have made these countries dependent on the United States for survival. In luminousness of recent events in Iraq, one should take a step dressing and look at the US history of hostile invasions to make the founding safe for democracy. This mantra had devastating on the tiny country of Panama 14 years ago. Why did the US invade Panama? To free Panama from its oppressive dictator, Manuel Noriega. The result was the a death toll of three thousand, and the countrys further dependence on the US for economic survival. Who again was the US trying to save Panama from? In reviewing the story of Panama, one is able to draw uncanny connections to the current situation in Iraq. The plaque even has many of the same people that decided to invade Panama under Bush senior. Now the same minds have decided to invade Iraq under George W. Bush, under the same pretext of freeing the Iraqi people. base on history however, what wil l be the consequences for the Iraqi people and the Iraqi nation? On December 20,1989 President Bush ordered US forces into Panama as he explained, to safeguard the lives of Americans, to defend democracy in Panama, to combat drug trafficking, and to protect the integrity of the Panama Canal Treaty.1 In December of 1989, 26,000 US soldiers occupied Panama in search of Manuel Noriega to be seized and tried on traffickin... ...s neighborhood, and with West Indians in Margarita, Colon, February 14-19, 199020 CODEHUCA, Testimonies recorded by provide of the Central American Human Rights Committees, San Jose, Costa Rica, taken in Panama Jan. 29, 1990 21 Ibid.22 Ibid.23 Pensamiento Propio, Jan./ Feb., 1990 La guerra total de Bush pp.2824 Ibid.25 touch Publica, CELA, Panama, No.24 Feb.1990 Magela Cabera Arias, La Reconstruccion en El Chorrillo, pp. 8-926 El Periodico, Bombardean Pacora con substancias quimicas, Panama set-aside(p) Territory, Feb. 1990 p. 827 Ibid.28 Reuters, Washington D.C., Jan 9, 199029 Ibid.30 Wheaton, p.2031 Ibid.32 http//www.geographyiq.com/countries/pm/Panama_history_summary.htm.33 CRS Issue Brief, Panama US Relations Continuing Policy Concerns34 Ibid.